By Pam Martens
March 18, 2014
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In case you
haven’t figured it out yet, there is a right way and a wrong way to help
yourself to other people’s money on Wall Street. The right way propels you into
the one percent replete with mansions and yachts, your name memorialized on
buildings, a golden parachute, an office and car for life fronted by defrauded
shareholders and regular invitations to appear on CNBC and lecture others on
how to structure the financial system.
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Then there’s
the wrong way ~ as Gary Foster found
out the hard way in June 2012 when he was sentenced to eight years in the
slammer for embezzling more than $22 million from Citigroup and compounding his
lack of etiquette in the most unforgiveable fashion ~ he wired the funds to
Citigroup’s arch rival, JPMorgan Chase.
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Foster broke
multiple etiquette rules for stealing money on Wall Street. First, his crime
was too simple. He made it just too easy for prosecutors to explain to a jury
how he wired funds from various corporate accounts at Citigroup, using fake
contract numbers, to his personal accounts at JPMorgan. A man lacking so little criminal creativity is eschewed on Wall Street;
he clearly has no future there so he might as well go to jail.
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Foster broke
another etiquette rule when he had the audacity to buy a luxury home in
Tenafly, New Jersey rather than Greenwich, Connecticut. You’re just not going
to build an adequate Rolodex of connections to get you out of jail in Tenafly.
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Consider
Foster’s simple plan with the bold and wickedly creative plan hatched by Sanford (Sandy) Weill to extract money
from Citigroup. Weill’s plan became colloquially known on Wall Street as the
Count Dracula stock option plan ~ you simply could not kill it; not even with a
silver bullet. You couldn’t prosecute it because Citigroup’s well-paid Board of
Directors was rubber-stamping it.
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ED
Noor: Sandy or Sanford Weill ~ Sounds more Anglo than Jewish but the man is of
the Tribe.
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Weill’s stock option plan worked like this: every time he exercised one set of stock options, he got a reload of approximately the same amount of options. Now, stock option grants are supposed to be based on outstanding performance benefitting the shareholders. But even in years when Citigroup was getting dragged through the press for facilitating frauds at WorldCom and Enron and issuing fraudulent research to the public, Weill was reloading the hell out of his stock options.
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Weill’s stock option plan worked like this: every time he exercised one set of stock options, he got a reload of approximately the same amount of options. Now, stock option grants are supposed to be based on outstanding performance benefitting the shareholders. But even in years when Citigroup was getting dragged through the press for facilitating frauds at WorldCom and Enron and issuing fraudulent research to the public, Weill was reloading the hell out of his stock options.
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Graef “Bud” Crystal, the
corporate compensation expert, is the man who coined the Dracula analogy for
Weill’s stock options. Writing for Bloomberg News, Crystal explained that
between 1988 and 2002, Weill “received 96 different option grants” on an
aggregate of $3 billion of stock. Crystal says “It’s a wonder that Weill had
time to run the business, what with all his option grants and
exercises. In the years 1996, 1997, 1998 and 2000, Weill exercised, and
then received new option grants, a total of, respectively, 14, 20, 13 and 19
times.”
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When Weill
stepped down as CEO in 2003, he had amassed over $1 billion in compensation,
the bulk of it coming from his reloading stock options. (He remained as
Chairman of Citigroup until 2006.) Weill wasted no time in cashing in some of
his chips. One day after stepping down as CEO, the Citigroup Board of Directors
made an exception and allowed Weill to sell back to the corporation 5.6 million
shares of his stock for $264 million.
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Weill did
not have to concern himself with driving down the price of his shares when that
quantity of shares flooded into the market. His Board kindly negotiated the
price at $47.14 for all of the shares. Two years after Weill stepped down as
Chairman, Citigroup was insolvent and its shares were trading at 99 cents.
Regulators discovered that the company had hid subprime debt off its balance
sheet and was drowning in toxic debt. The company became one of the largest
recipients of taxpayer bailouts and below-market-rate loans from the Federal
Reserve.
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The economic
prospects of the United States, the newly poor, the unemployed whose benefits
have run out, are all paying the price for Sandy Weill’s wickedly creative
compensation schemes. The hodgepodge of companies that Weill had assembled
prior to his convincing John Reed of Citicorp to merge that huge bank with
Weill’s Travelers Group, required the repeal of the Glass-Steagall Act ~ the
depression era investor protection legislation that barred FDIC insured banks
from merging with their casino cousins, investment banks and brokerage firms.
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Weill sold
this idea to regulators and the media and Congress on the basis that it would
make the U.S. more competitive; that one-stop financial supermarkets would be
good for the consumer. But according to John Reed in an interview with Bill
Moyers, Weill’s real motivation was about getting rich. (See excerpt below.)
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Weill’s
“creativity” has been very good for him. He owns multiple estates; his name and
that of his wife appears on multiple buildings around the country; and Weill is
permitted to opine on CNBC about the need to break up the banks ~ now that all
the damage is already done.
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Weill may be
able to delude himself about his role in the financial collapse and the
long-term impact to our country, but the facts speak for themselves. In
February of last year, the General Accountability Office (GAO) released a
devastating appraisal of the financial toll the 2007 to 2009 Wall Street
financial crisis has had on the U.S. economy and workers. According to the
GAO, cumulative output losses alone could exceed $13 trillion. A key concern
expressed throughout the study is whether the U.S. economy and many older
workers can ever recover from the crisis. According to the
report:
“Some studies describe reasons why financial crises could be associated with permanent output losses. For example, sharp declines in investment during and following the crisis could result in lower capital accumulation in the long-term. In addition, persistent high unemployment could substantially erode the skills of many U.S. workers and reduce the productive capacity of the U.S…CBO [Congressional Budget Office] reported that recessions following financial crises, like the most recent crisis, tend to reduce not only output below what it otherwise would have been but also the economy’s potential to produce output, even after all resources are productively employed…”
The other
thing you need to know about the Etiquette Guide on Wall Street is that getting
rich at a bank like Citigroup that is serially charged with wrongdoing will be no impediment to going on to high office in
the U.S. government. As Senator Elizabeth Warren remarked to Fed Nominee and
former Citigroup International President Stanley Fischer last week in his
confirmation hearing:
“Many big banks are well represented in Washington but the connection between Citigroup and Democratic administrations really sticks out. Three of the last four Democratic Treasury Secretaries have Citigroup ties; the fourth was offered but turned down the CEO position at Citigroup. Former Directors of the National Economic Council and the Office of Management and Budget at the White House and our current U.S. Trade Representative also have Citigroup ties. You once served as President of Citigroup International and are now in line to be number two at the Federal Reserve…”
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March 16,
2012: Bill Moyers Interview on PBS With John Reed,
former Co-CEO of Citigroup.
JOHN REED: [Speaking about the repeal of Glass-Steagall.] “No one that I’m aware of saw it clearly. You point out to some Senators and Congressmen who did, but somehow we described them as being peripheral. And I simply said, ‘They’re wrong.’ Turned out they weren’t…
.“Sandy Weill. I mean, his whole life was to accumulate money. And he said, ‘John, we could be so rich.’ Being rich never crossed my mind as an objective value. I almost was embarrassed that somebody would say that out loud. It might be happening but you wouldn’t want to say it.
.“But you know, the biggest bonus I had ever received when I was at Citi was three million dollars. The first year I worked with Sandy it was 15 [million]. I said to the board, ‘I’m the same guy doing the same job, same company. There are two of us. The company’s bigger but there are two of us. What’s going on?’ ‘Oh, you don’t understand.’ And it was just a totally different culture. And see, Wall Street developed that culture.”
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