MURDER BY INJECTION: CHAPTER 9: THE DRUG TRUST

By Eustace Mullins

In 1987, the eighteen largest drug firms were ranked as follows:

1. Merck (U.S.) $4.2 billion in sales.

2. Glaxo Holdings (United Kingdom) $3.4 billion.

3. Hoffman LaRoche (Switzerland) $3.1 billion.

4. Smith Kline Beckman (U.S.) $2.8 billion.

5. Ciba-Geigy (Switzerland) $2.7 billion.

6. Pfizer (U.S.) $2.5 billion (Standard & Poor's gives its sales as $4

billion).

7. Hoechst A. G. (Germany) $2.5 billion (Standard & Poor's

lists its sales as $38 billion Deutschmarks).

8. American Home Products (U.S.) $2.4 billion ($4.93 billion

according to Standard & Poor's).

9. Lilly (U.S.) $2.3 billion ($3.72 billion Standard & Poor's).

10. Upjohn (U.S.) $2 billion.

11. Squibb (U.S.) $2 billion.

12. Johnson & Johnson (U.S.) $1.9 billion.

13. Sandoz (Switzerland) $1.8 billion.

14. Bristol Myers (U.S.) $1.6 billion.

15. Beecham Group (United Kingdom) $1.4 billion (Standard &

Poor's gives $1.4 billion in sales of the U.S. subsidiary ~

$2.6 billion pounds sterling as overall income).

16. Bayer A. G. (Germany) $1.4 billion (Standard & Poor's gives

the figure as $45.9 billion Deutschmarks).

17. Syntex (U.S.) $1.1 billion.

18. Warner Lambert (U.S.) $1.1 billion (Standard & Poor's gives

the figure as $3.1 billion).

Thus we find that the United States still maintains an

overwhelming lead in the production and sale of drugs. In the

United States, the sale of prescription drugs rose in 1987 by 12.5%

to $27 billion. Eleven of the eighteen leading firms are located in the

United States; three in Switzerland; two in Germany; and two in the

United Kingdom. Nutritionist T. J. Frye notes that the Drug Trust in

the United States is controlled by the Rockefeller group in a cartel

relationship with I. G. Farben of Germany. In fact, I. G. Farben was

the largest chemical concern in Germany during the 1930s, when it

engaged in an active cartel agreement with Standard Oil of New

Jersey. The Allied Military Government split it up into three

companies after World War II, as part of the "anti-cartel" goals of

that period, which was not unlike the famed splitting up of Standard

Oil itself by court order, while the Rockefellers maintained

controlling interest in each of the new companies.

 In Germany, General William Draper, of Dillon Read investment bankers,

unveiled the new decree from his office in the I. G. Farben building.

Henceforth, I. G. Farben would exist no more; instead, three

companies would emerge ~ Bayer, of Leverkusen; BASF at

Ludwigshafen; and Hoescht, near Frankfort. Each of the three

spawns is now larger than the old I. G. Farben; only ICI of England

is larger. These firms export more than half of their product. BASF

is represented in the United States by Shearman and Sterling, the

Rockefeller law firm of which William Rockefeller is a partner.

The world's No. 1 drug firm, Merck, began as an apothecary

shop in Darmstadt, Germany, in 1668. Its president, John J. Horan,

is a partner of J. P. Morgan Company, and the Morgan Guaranty

Trust. 

He attended a Bilderberger meeting in Rye, New York, May

10-12, 1985. In 1953, Merck absorbed another large drug firm,

Sharp & Dohme. At that time, Oscar Ewing, the central figure in the

government fluoridation promotion for the Aluminum Trust, was

secretary of the Merck firm, his office then being at One Wall

Street, New York.

Directors of Merck include John T. Connor, who began his

business career with Cravath, Swaine and Moore, the law firm for

Kuhn, Loeb Company; Connor then joined the Office of Naval

Research, became Special Assistant to the Secretary of the Navy

1945-47, became president of Merck, then president of Allied Stores

from 1967-80, then chairman of Schroders, the London banking

firm. Connor is also a director of a competing drug firm, Warner

Lambert, director of the media conglomerate Capital Cities ABC,

and director of Rockefeller's Chase Manhattan Bank. Each of the

major drug firms in the United States has at least one director with

close Rockefeller connections, or with a Rothschild bank. Another

director of Merck is John K. McKinley, chief operating officer of

Texaco; he is also a director of Manufacturers Hanover Bank, which

Congressional records identify as a major Rothschild bank.

McKinley is also a director of the aircraft firm, Martin Marietta,

Burlington Industries, and is a director of the aircraft firm, Martin

Marietta, Burlington Industries, and is a director of the Rockefeller 

controlled Sloan Kettering Cancer Institute. Another Merck director

is Ruben F. Mettler, chairman of the defense contractor TRW, Inc.;

he was formerly chief of the Guided Missiles Department at Ramo-

Wooldridge, and has received the human relations award from the

National Conference of Christians and Jews ~ he is also a director of

Bank of America.

Other directors of Merck include Frank T. Cary, who was

chairman of IBM for many years; he is also a director of Capital

Cities ABC, and partner of J. P. Morgan Company; Lloyd C. Elam,

president of Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, the nation's

only black medical college. Elam is also a director of the American

Psychiatric Association, Nashville City Bank, and the Alfred P.

Sloan Foundation, which gives him a close connection to

Rockefeller's Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Marian Sulzberger

Heiskell, heiress of the New York Times fortune.

She was married to Orville Dryfoos, the paper's editor, who died of a

 heart attack during a newspaper strike; she then married Andrew Heiskell

in a media merger ~ he was chairman of Time magazine and had been

with the Luce organization for fifty years. She is also a director of

Ford Motor. Heiskell is director of People for the American Way, a

political activist group, chairman of the New York Public Library,

and the Book-of-the-Month Club. Also on the board of Merck is a

family member, Albert W. Merck; Reginald H. Jones, born in

England, formerly chairman of General Electric, now chairman of

the Board of Overseers, Wharton School of Commerce, director of

Allied Stores and General Signal Corporation; Paul G. Rogers, who

served in Congress from the 84th to the 95th Congresses; he was

chairman of the important subcommittee on health; in 1979, he

joined the influential Washington law firm and lobbyist, Hogan and

Hartson. He is also a director of the American Cancer Society, the

Rand Corporation, and Mutual Life Insurance.

Thus we find that the world's No. 1 drug firm has two directors

who are partners of J. P. Morgan Company, one who is director of

Rockefeller's Chase Manhattan Bank and one who is director of the

Rothschild Bank, Manufacturers Hanover; most of the directors are

connected with vital defense industries, and interlock with other

defense firms. On the board of TRW, of which Ruben Mettler is

chairman, is William H. Krome George, former chairman of

ALCOA, and Martin Feldstein, former economic advisor to

President Reagan.

 The major banks, defense firms, and prominent

political figures interlock with the CIA and the drug firms.

The No. 2 drug firm is Glaxo Holdings, with $3.4 billion in

sales. Its chairman is Austin Bide; deputy chairman is P. Girolami,

who is a director of National Westminster Bank, one of England's

Big Five. Directors are Sir Alistair Frame, chairman of Rio Tinto

Zinc, one of the three firms which are the basis of the Rothschild

fortune; Frame is also on the board of another Rothschild holding,

the well known munitions firm, Vickers; also Plessey, another

defense firm which recently bid on a large contract with the U.S.

Army; Frame is president of Britoil, and director of Glaxo are Lord

Fraser of Kilmarnock, who was deputy chairman of the

Conservative Party (now the ruling party in England) from 1946 to

1975, when he joined Glaxo; Lord Fraser was also a member of the

influential Shadow cabinet; B. D. Taylor, counselor of Victoria

College of Pharmacy and chairman of Wexham Hospital; J. M.

Raisman, chairman of Shell Oil UK Ltd., another Rothschild

controlled firm. Lloyd's Bank, one of the Big Five, British

Telecommunications, and the Royal Committee on Environmental

Pollution; Sir Ronald Arculus, retired from Her Majesty's

Diplomatic Service after a distinguished career; he had served in

San Francisco, New York, Washington and Paris; he was then

appointed Ambassador to Italy, and was the UK Delegate to the

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, which sought to

apportion marine wealth among the have-not countries: Arculus is

now a director of Trusthouse Forte Hotels, and London and

Continental Bankers; and Professor R. G. Dahrendorf, one of the

propagandist. Dahrendorf, a director of the Ford Foundation since

1976, is a graduate of the London School of Economics, professor

of sociology at Hamburg and Tubingen, parliamentary Secretary of

State at the Foreign Office, West Germany since 1969, and has

received honors from Senegal, Luxemburg and Leopold II.

The Rothschilds apparently appointed Dahrendorf a director of

Glaxo because of his emphatic Marxist pronunciamentos. The

European director of the Ford Foundation, he claims, in his book,

"Marx in Perspective," that Marx is the greatest factor in the

emergence of modern society. Dahrendorf's principal contribution to

sociology has been his well-advertised concept of the "new man,"

whom he has dubbed "homo sociologicus," a being who has been

transformed by socialism into a person whose every distinctive

feature, including racial characteristics, have disappeared. He is the

modern robot, a uniform creature who can easily be controlled by

the force of world socialism. Dahrendorf is the apostle of the

modern faith that there are no racial differences in any of the various

races of mankind; he denounces any mention of "superiority" or of

differing skills as "ideological distortion." Dahrendorf is a

prominent member of the Bilderbergers; he attended their meeting at

Rye, New York from May 10-12, 1985. He is professor of

Sociology at Konstanz University, as well as his other previously

mentioned posts.

Thus we find that the world's No. 2 drug firm is directed by two

of the Rothschild's family's most trusted henchmen and by the

world's most outspoken explicator of Marxism.

The world's No. 3 drug firm, Hoffman LaRoche of Switzerland,

is still controlled by members of the Hoffman family, although there

have been rumors of takeover attempts in recent years. The firm was

founded by Fritz Hoffman, who died in 1920. The firm's first big

seller was Siropin in 1896; its sales of Valium and Librium now

amount to one billion dollars a year; its subsidiary spread the

dangerous chemical, dioxin, over the Italian town, Seveso, which

cost $150 million to clean up in a 10 year campaign. His son's

widow, Maya Sacher, is now married to Paul Sacher, a musician

who is conductor of the Basle Chamber Orchestra. Hoffman had

added his wife's name, LaRoche, to the family company, as is the

custom in Europe; the Hoffmans still control 75% of the voting

shares. The Sachers have one of the world's most expensive art

collections, Old Masters and modern paintings.

In 1987, Hoffman LaRoche tried to take over Sterling Drug, a

venture in which they were aided by Lewis Preston, chairman of J.

P. Morgan Company; he also happened to be Sterling's banker. In

the ensuing brouha-ha, Preston decided to retire. Eastman Kodak

then bought Sterling, with backing from the Rockefellers. The

chairman of Hoffman LaRoche is Fritz Gerber, a 58 year old Swiss

army colonel. The son of a carpenter, he became a lawyer, then

chairman of Hoffman LaRoche. Gerber is also a director of Zurich

Insurance; thus he is associated with Switzerland's two biggest

firms; he draws a salary of 2.3 million Swiss francs per year, plus a

$1.7 million working agreement with Glaxo holdings.

Hoffman LaRoche received a great deal of publicity in April

1988 because of unfavorable revelations about its acne drug,

"Accutane" after the Food and Drug Administration publicized

figures that the drug had caused 1000 spontaneous abortions, 7000

other abortions, and other side effects such as joint aches, drying of

skin and mucous membranes, and hair loss. Hoffman LaRoche was

faulted by FDA for purposely omitting women, and particularly

pregnant women, from the studies on which it based requests for

approval of Accutane. The company was aware that Accutane

caused serious effects when taken during pregnancy.

Hard on the heels of the Accutane revelations, Hoffman

LaRoche made new headlines in the Wall Street Journal with

Congressman Ted Weiss's demand, reported on May 6, 1988, that a

criminal investigation be launched of the forty deaths, recorded

since 1986, caused by taking Versed, Hoffman La-Roche's

tranquilizer which is a chemical cousin of its best selling drug,

Valium.

The No. 4 drug firm, Smith Kline Beckman, banks with the

Mellon Bank. Its chairman, Robert F. Dee, is a director of General

Foods, Air Products and Chemical and the defense firm, United

Technologies, which interlocks with Citibank. Directors are Samuel

H. Ballam, Jr., chairman of the Hospital of the University of

Pennsylvania, director of American Water-Works, Westmoreland

Coal Company, General Coal Company, INA Investment Securities,

chairman of CIGNA's High Yield Fund, and Geothermal Resources

International; Francis P. Lucier, chairman of Black & Decker;

Donald P. McHenry, former U.S. Ambassador to the UN, 1979-81,

now international advisor to the Council on Foreign Relations,

Trustee of Brookings Institution and the Carnegie Endowment for

International Peace, Ford Foundation, and the super-secret Ditchley

Foundation set up by W. Averell Harriman during World War II;

McHenry is also a director of Coca Cola and International Paper;

Carolyn K. Davis, who was dean of the school of nurses at

University of Michigan 1973-75, Health and Human Services since

1981; she is also a director of Johns Hopkins.

Other directors of Smith Kline are Andrew L. Lewis, Jr.,

chairman of Union Pacific, the basis of the Harriman fortune; he is

director of Ford Motor, trustee in bankruptcy Reading Company,

former chairman of Reagan's transition team and deputy director of

the Republican National Committee; R. Gordon McGovern,

chairman of Campbell Soup; Ralph A. Pfeiffer, Jr., chairman of

IBM World Trade Corporation, American International Far East

Corporation, Riggs National Bank, and chairman U.S.-China Trade

Commission; he is also vice chairman of the key foreign policy

operation, Center for Strategic and International Studies, which was

founded by Jeane Kirkpatrick's husband, Evron Kirkpatrick of the

CIA.

The world's No. 5 drug firm, Ciba-Geigy of Switzerland, does a

billion dollar a year business in the United States, and operates ten

drug factories here.

Pfizer, No. 6 in size of the world's drug firms, does $4 billion a

year, according to Standard & Poor's; the company banks with

Rockefeller's Chase Manhattan Bank. Pfizer's chairman, Edmund T.

Pratt, Jr., was controller of IBM from 1949 to 1962; he is now a

director of Chase Manhattan Bank, General Motors, International

Paper, the Business Council and the Business Roundtable, two

Establishment organizations; he is also chairman of the Emergency

Committee for American Trade. Pfizer's president is Gerald

Laubach, who joined Pfizer in 1950; he is a member of the council

of Rockefeller University, and director of CIGNA, Loctite, and

General Insurance Corporation; Barber Conable is director of Pfizer;

he was a Congressman representing New York from 1965 to 1985,

which would indicate a close Rockefeller connection; Conable is

now president of the World Bank. 

Other directors of Pfizer are Joseph B. Flavin, chief operating officer of 

the 2½ billion a year Singer Company. Flavin was with IBM World Trade

Corporation from 1953-1967, then president of Xerox; he is now with the

Committee for Economic Development, Stamford Hospital, Cancer

Research Foundation, and the National Council of Christians and

Jews; Howard C. Kauffman, has been president of EXXON since

1975; he was previously regional coordinator in Latin America for

EXXON, then president of Esso Europe in London; he is also a

director of Celanese and Chase Manhattan Bank; his office is at One

Rockefeller Plaza; James T. Lynn, who was general counsel for the

U.S. Department of Commerce from 1969-71, then Under Secretary

of State 1971-73, and then secretary of HUD 1973-75, succeeding

George Romney in that post; Lynn was editor of the Harvard Law

Review, then joined Jones, Day, Reavis and Pogue in 1960 (a large

Washington lobbying firm); Lynn accompanied Peter Peterson, then

Secretary of Commerce, formerly chairman of Kuhn, Loeb

Company, to Moscow in 1972, to conclude a trade agreement with

the Soviets; this agreement was concluded in October, 1972; John

R. Opel, president of IBM, director of the Federal Reserve Bank of

New York, Time and the Institute for Advanced Study; Walter B.

Wriston, chairman of Citicorp, director of General Electric, Chubb,

New York Hospital, Rand Corporation and J. C. Penney.

Other directors of Pfizer are Grace J. Fippinger, secretarytreasurer

of the $10 billion a year NYNEX Corporation; she is an

adviser to Manufacturers Hanover, the Rothschild Bank, director of

Bear Stearns investment bankers, Gulf & Western Corporation,

Connecticut Mutual Life Insurance and honorary member of the

board of the American Cancer Society; Stanley O. Ikenberry,

president of the University of Illinois, director of Harris Bankcorp,

Carneigie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching; William J.

Kennedy, chief operating officer of North Carolina Mutual Life,

director of Quaker Oats (with Frank Carlucci, who is now Secretary

of Defense), Mobil (with Alan Greenspan, who is now Chairman of

the Federal Reserve System Board of Governors ~ Greenspan was a

delegate to the Bilderberger meeting in Rye, New York, May 10-12,

1985).

Paul A. Marks, chief of Sloan Kettering Cancer Center since

1980; he is a biologist, professor of human genetics at Cornell, and

adjunct professor at Rockefeller University, visiting professor at

Rockefeller University Hospital; he is also with National Institute of

Health, Dreyfus Mutual Fund, director of cancer treatment at the

National Cancer Institute, director of American Association for

Cancer Research, served on the President's Cancer Panel from 1976

to 1979, and the Presidential Commission on the Accident at Three

Mile Island; he is a director of the $100 million Revson Foundation

(cosmetics fortune), with Simon Rifkind and Benjamin

Buttenweiser, whose wife was attorney for Alger Hiss while

Buttenweiser was Assistant High Commissioner for occupied West

Germany.

Of the major drug firms, none shows more direct connections

with the Rockefeller interests than Pfizer, which banks with the

Rockefeller bank, Chase Manhattan, has as director Howard

Kaufmann, president of Exxon, and Paul Marks of the Rockefeller

controlled Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Rockefeller Hospital.

In most cases, only one Rockefeller connection is needed to assure

control of a corporation.

The No. 7 in world ranked drug firms is Hoechst A. G. of

Germany, a spinoff from I. G. Farben, i.e., Rockefeller Warburg

Rothschild control. It operates a number of plants in the U.S.,

including American Hoechst at Somerville, New Jersey, and

Hoechst Fibers Company. Hoechst manufactures the widely used

polyester fiber Trevira, antibiotic food additives for swine and

broilers (Flavomycin), and other pharmaceuticals used in animal

raising.

No. 8 in world ranking, American Home Products banks at the

Rothschild Bank, Manufacturers Hanover, and does $3.8 billion a

year ($4.93 according to Standard & Poor's). It became even larger

by its recent purchase of A. H. Robins Drug Company of Richmond,

VA. A. H. Robins had gone into bankruptcy after facing $2.5 billion

in payments to some 200,000 women who had been injured by its

Dalkon Shield, an intrauterine device. An inadequately tested vagina

clamp caused severe damage to many women.

A French firm, Sanofi, then attempted to buy the firm, but was beaten

out when American Home decided to pay a premium price for the firm's well

known brand names, Chapstick and Robitussin. American Home's

CEO is John W. Culligan, who has been with the firm since 1937;

he is a Knight of Malta, director of Mellon Bank, Carnegie Mellon

University, American Standard, and Valley Hospital; president of

American Home is John R. Stafford, director of the Rothschild

Bank, Manufacturers Hanover; he was formerly general counsel for

the No. 3 ranked drug firm, Hoffmann LaRoche, and partner of the

influential law firm, Steptoe and Johnson. Directors are K. R.

Bergethon of Norway, now president of Lafayette College; A.

Richard Diebold; Paul R. Frohring, and head of the Pharmaceutical

Division of the War Production Board from 1942 to 1946; he is now

trustee of John Cabot College, Rome, overseer of Case Western

Reserve University, Mercy Hospital, Navy League, and the

Biscayne Yacht Club.

There is also William F. LaPorte, who is director of

Manufacturers Hanover Trust, American Standard, B. F. Goodrich,

Dime Savings Bank, and president of the Buck Hill Falls Company;

John F. McGillicuddy, chairman of Manufacturers Hanover Bank,

who recently replaced Lewis Preston of J. P. Morgan Company as

director of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York (Preston had

been criticized for his role in promoting a deal for Hoffman

LaRoche while engaged as Sterling Drug's banker); John F. Torell

III, president of the Manufacturers Hanover Trust and

Manufacturers Hanover Corporation; H. W. Blades, who was

formerly president of Wyeth Labs, and is now director of Provident

Mutual Life Insurance, Wistar International, Philadelphia National

Bank, and Bryn Mawr Hospital; Robin Chandler Duke, of the

tobacco family; Edwin A. Gee, director of Air Products and

Chemical, International Paper, Bell & Howell; he is now chairman

of International Paper and Canadian International Paper; Robert W.

Sarnoff, son of David Sarnoff, who founded the RCA empire; and

William Wrigley, chairman of the Wrigley Corporation, director of

Texaco and the Boulevard National Bank of Chicago.

No. 9 in world ranking is Eli Lilly Company, whose chairman

Richard D. Wood is also director of Standard Oil of Indiana,

Chemical Bank New York, Elizabeth Arden, IVAC Corporation,

Cardiac Pacemakers Inc., Elanco Products, Dow Jones, Lilly

Endowment, Physio-Control Corporation, and the American

Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, a supposedly

rightwing think-tank in Washington where Jeane Kirkpatrick reigns

supreme.

Directors of Lilly are Steven C. Beering, born in Berlin,

Germany, now president of Purdue University; he serves on

numerous medical boards, Diabetes Association, Endocrine

Association and is a director of Arvin Industries; Randall H. Tobias,

is a director of the Bretton Woods Committee, has been with Bell

Telephone Labs since 1964, now director of AT&T and Home

Insurance Corporation; Robert C. Seamans, Jr. who was Secretary

of the Air Force from 1969-1973, now director of the Carnegie

Institute, Smithsonian Museum and National Geographic Society

(with Laurance Rockefeller); He is also a director of Combustion

Engineering, a firm which is engaged in a number of deals with the

Soviet Union, Putnams Funds, a New England powerhouse

investment firm; other directors of Lilly are J.

Clayton LaForce, a Fulbright scholar, now director of the Rockefeller-funded

National Bureau for Economic Research, and is dean of the graduate school

of management at the University of California. LaForce is an

influential member of the secretive Mont Pelerin Society, which

represents the Viennese school of economics, a Rothschild

sponsored enterprise which features Milton Friedman as its

mouthpiece ~ it is actually a pseudo-rightwing think-tank run by

William Buckley and the CIA. LaForce is also a trustee of the

pseudo rightwing thinktank, Hoover Institution of Stanford

University, which is run by two directors of the Rockefeller-funded

League for Industrial Democracy, the leading Trotskyite think-tank,

Sidney Hook and Seymour Martin Lipset. Other directors of Lilly

are J. Paul Lyet II, chairman of the giant defense firm Sperry

Corporation—two-thirds of its contracts are with government

agencies; Lyet is also a director of Eastman Kodak, which has just

purchased Sterling Drug; he is also a director of Armstrong World

Industries, NL Industries and the Continental Group.

Alva Otis Way III, president of American Express, director of Schroder

 Bank and Trust, formerly chairman ~ also director of Shearson Lehman,

which now incorporates Kuhn, Loeb Company and Lehman Brothers,

director of Firemans Fund Insurance Company and American

International Banking Corporation, Warnex Ampex

Communications Corporation; C. William Verity, Jr., whose father

founded Armco Steel; a Yale graduate, Verity is now chairman of

Armco; he was recently appointed Secretary of Commerce to

replace fellow Yale man Malcolm Baldrige, a director of the defense

firm Scovill Manufacturing ~ Baldrige had fallen off of a horse.

Verity is also a director of Chase Manhattan Bank, Mead

Corporation and Taft Broadcasting. Verity was chosen as Secretary

of Commerce because of his longtime record of agitation on behalf

of the super-secret group, the U.S.-U.S.S.R. Trade & Economic

Council, also known as USTEC, whose records are classified as Top

Secret ~ several lawsuits are now under way to force the

government to release USTEC documents under the Freedom of

Information Act, but so far government attorneys have fought off all

attempts to find out what this group is doing.

Supposedly a cordial group of well-meaning American businessmen meeting

with their smiling Soviet counterparts, USTEC was the brainchild of a top

KGB official, who promoted it at the 1973 summit meeting between

President Nixon and Brezhnev. The go-between was Donald

Kendall of Pepsicola, who had just concluded a major trade deal

with Russia; part of the price was Kendall's selling USTEC to the

White House Team. Without Kendall, USTEC might never have

gotten off the ground. The real goal of USTEC was voiced by H.

Rowan Gaither, head of the Ford Foundation, when he was

interviewed by foundation investigator, Norman Dodd. Gaither

complained about the bad press the Ford Foundation was receiving,

claiming it was unjustified.

"Most of us here," he exclaimed in self exculpation,"were at one time or another, active in either the OSSor the State Department, or the European Economic Administration.During those times, and without exception, we operated underdirectives issued from the White House, the substance of which wasto the effect that we should make every effort to alter life in theUnited States so as to make possible a comfortable merger with theSoviet Union." 

USTEC is an important step in the merger program. Alva Way,

president of American Express, serves on the board of Eli Lilly with

C. William Verity. Way's fellow executive, James D. Robinson III,

who is chairman of American Express, is a prime mover in USTEC,

as is Robert Roosa, partner in Brown Brothers Harriman investment

banking firm, who is executive officer of the Trilateral Commission.

Other important USTEC members are Edgar Bronfman, head of the

World Zionist Congress, chairman of Seagrams, the Bronfman

family firm, and controlling a sizeable part of DuPont's stock, 21%;

Maurice Greenberg, chairman of American International Group; Dr.

Armand Hammer, longtime friend of the Soviet Union, and Dwayne

Andreas, grain tycoon who is head of Archer-Daniels-Midland

Corporation. Andreas, who financed CREEP, the organization

which brought about the resignation of Richard Nixon from the

presidency of the United States, has on his board Robert Strauss,

former chairman of the Democratic National Committee, and Mrs.

Nelson Rockefeller.

In 1972, a meeting was called in Washington at the ultra exclusive

F. Street Club, which had long been the secret meeting

place for the top wheelers and dealers in Washington. Donald

Kendall had invited David Rockefeller, who had opened a branch of

Chase Manhattan in Red Square, Moscow, Helmut Sonnenfeldt of

the State Department, who reputedly had been Henry Kissinger's

"control" when Kissinger came to the United States as a double

agent under Sonnenfeldt's patronage, and Georgi Arbatov, the well

known Soviet propagandist in the United States. Arbatov told the

group who Soviet Russia wanted on the board of the prospective

organization, which became USTEC. He wanted Dr. Armand

Hammer, Reginald Jones of General Electric, Frank Cary of IBM,

and Irving Shapiro, head of DuPont. USTEC's ostensible purpose

was to promote trade between the U.S. and Russia; its real purpose

was to rescue the floundering Soviet economy and save its leaders

from a disastrous revolution. The U.S. offered high technology,

grain and military goods; the Russians offered to continue the

Communist system.

The world's tenth largest drug firm is Upjohn, which is heavily

into the production of agricultural chemicals such as Asgrow.

Upjohn has now been taken over by the leading defense firm, Todd

Shipyards, whose directors include Harold Eckman, a director of W.

R. Grace, the Bank of New York, Centennial Life Insurance

Company, Home Life Insurance Company ~ he is the chairman of

Atlantic Mutual Insurance Company, and Union de Seguros of

Mexico: Raymond V. O'Brien, Jr., chairman of Emigrant Savings

Bank of New York, and the International Shipholding Corporation;

R. T. Parfet, Jr., who is chairman of Upjohn, director of Michigan

Bell Telephone; Lawrence C. Hoff, who is chairman of the National

Foundation for Infectious Diseases, and the American Foundation

for Pharmaceutical Education; he is on the board of Sloan Kettering

Cancer Institute, and was Under Secretary of Health at HEW from

1974-77; he is director of the National Heart & Lung Institute, and

the U.S. Public Health Service Pharmacy Board.

Also there are  P. H. Bullen, who was with IBM from 1946-71, now

operates as Bullen Management  Company; Donald F. Hornig, professor

 and director of the Interdisciplinary Progress in Health at the Harvard

University School of Public Health; he is a director of Westinghouse Electric,

and was group leader at Los Alamos in the development of the

atomic bomb; he was special adviser in science at the U.S. Public

Health Service from 1964 to 1969; he has received Guggenheim and

Fullbright fellowships; Preston S. Parish, chairman of the executive

committee at Upjohn, is a trustee of Williams College, Bronson

Methodist Hospital, chairman of trustees for the W. E. Upjohn

Unemployment Corporation, chairman of Kal-Aero, American

National Holding Company and co-chairman of the Food and Drug

Law Institute; William D. Mulholland, chairman of the Bank of

Montreal, in which the Bronfmans have controlling interest ~  

Charles Bronfman is a director. Mulholland is also a director of

Standard Life Assurance Company of Edinburgh, Scotland, a

director of Kimberly-Clark, Canadian Pacific Railroad, Harris

Bancorp, and the Bahamas and Caribbean Ltd. branch of the Bank

of Montreal.

Mulholland was a general partner of Morgan Stanley

from 1952 to 1969, when he became president of Brinco, a

Rothschild holding company in Canada from 1970 to 1974.

Mulholland is also a director of Allgemeine Credit Anstalt of

Frankfort (birthplace of the Rothschild family). Also director of

Upjohn is William N. Hubbard, Jr., a director of Johnson Controls,

Consumers Power Company a 3½ billion a year operation, formerly

president of Upjohn, and dean of the medical college at New York

University.

The 11th largest drug firm, E. E. Squibb, has as chairman

Richard E. Furlaud; he is a director of the leading munitions firm

Olin Corporation, and was general counsel for Olin from 1957-

1966. Furlaud was an attorney with the prominent Wall Street law

firm, Root, Ballantine, Harlan, Busby and Palmer, founded by Elihu

Root, Wilson's Secretary of State, who rushed $100 million from

Wilson's personal War Fund to Soviet Russia to save the tottering

Bolshevik regime in 1917. Furlaud is a trustee of Rockefeller

University and the Sloan Kettering Cancer Institute, which shows a

Rockefeller connection at Squibb. Directors of Squibb include J

Richardson Dilworth, the longtime financial trustee for all the

members of the Rockefeller family. Dilworth married into the

wealthy Cushing family, and was a partner of Kuhn, Loeb Company

from 1946 to 1958, when his partner, Lewis Strauss of Kuhn, Loeb,

retired as financial advisor to the Rockefellers. Dilworth took the

job full time in 1958, taking over the entire 56th floor of Rockefeller

Center, where he handled every bill incurred by any member of the

family unit 1981. He is now chairman of the board of Rockefeller

Center, director of Nelson Rockefeller's International Basic

Economy Corporation, Chrysler, R. H. Macy, Colonial

Williamsburg (another Rockefeller family enterprise), and

Rockefeller University. He is trustee of the Yale Corporation and of

the Metropolitan Museum, and director of Selected Investments of

Luxemburg.

Other directors of Squibb are Louis V. Gerstner,

president of American Express, director of Caterpillar Tractor and

longtime board member of Sloan Kettering Cancer Institute; Charles

G. Koch, head of the family firm, Koch Enterprises, a $3 billion a

year operation in Kansas City. Koch has a $500 million fortune, and

personally bankrolled the supposedly rightwing organizations, the

Cato Institute, the Mr. Pelerin Society, and the Libertarian Party.

Koch Industries banks solely with Morgan Guaranty Trust, which

brings it into the orbit of the J. P. Morgan Company.

Other directors of Squibb are Helen M. Ranney, chairman of

the department of medicine of the University of California at San

Diego since 1973; she was with Presbyterian Hospital New York

from 1960 to 1964, and is a member of the American Society of

Hematology; Robert W. van Fossan, chairman of Mutual Benefit

Life Insurance, director of Long Island Public Service Gas &

Electric, Amerada Hess and Nova Pharmaceutical Corporation;

Sanford H. McDonnell, chairman of the defense firm, McDonnell

Douglas Aircraft Corporation; he is a director of Centerre Bancorp

and the Navy League; Robert H. Ebert, dean of the medical school

at Harvard since 1964; he is a trustee of the Rockefeller Foundation,

the Population Council and president of the influential Milbank

Memorial Fund, director of the Robert W. Johnson Foundation from

the Johnson & Johnson pharmaceutical fortune; Ebert was a Rhodes

Scholar and a Markle Scholar; Burton E. Sobel, director of the

cardiac division at Washington University since 1973, National

Institute of Health, editor of Clinical Cardiology, American Journal

of Cardiology, American Journal of Physiology and many other

medical positions; Rawleigh Warner, Jr., chairman of the giant

Mobil Corporation, and director of many companies including

AT&T, Allied Signal (the $9 billion a year defense firm), American

Express, Chemical Bank, (also on the board of Signal was John F.

Connally, former Secretary of the Treasury.

There is also Carla Hills, former Secretary of HUD, whose husband was

 chairman of the Securities and Exchange Commission); Eugene F. Williams,

 director of the defense firm Olin Corporation and Emerson Electric. Squibb

recently established a research institute at Oxford University with a

$20 million donation; it also maintains the Squibb Institute for

Medical Research in the United States. The scion of the family is

Senator Lowell Weicker, a liberal who consistently votes against the

Republican Party, of which he is a member. He is shielded from

party discipline by his family fortune.

Twelfth in ranking of the world's drug firms is Johnson &

Johnson; its chairman James E. Burke, is also a director of IBM and

Prudential Insurance. President of Johnson & Johnson is David R.

Clare; he is on the board of MIT and is a director of Motorola and of

Overlook Hospital. Directors are William O. Baker, research

chemist at Bell Tel labs from 1939 to 1980. A specialist in polymer

research, Baker is on the boards of many organizations, and serves

on the President's Intelligence Advisory Board. He is a consultant to

the National Security Agency, consultant to the Department of

Defense since 1959, trustee of Rockefeller University, General

Motors, Cancer Research Foundation and the Robert A. Welch

Foundation; Thomas S. Murphy, chairman of the media

conglomerate, Capital Cities ABC, director of Texaco; Clifton E.

Garvin, chairman of Exxon since 1947, the capstone of the

Rockefeller fortune; he is also a director of Citicorp and Citibank,

TRW, the defense firm, J. C. Penney, Pepsi Cola, Sperry, vice

chairman of the Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, chairman of the

Business Roundtable, and trustee of the Teachers Annuity

Association of America.

Also director of Johnson & Johnson is Irving M. London,

chairman of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine since 1970,

professor of medicine at Harvard and MIT, Rockefeller Fellow in

medicine at Columbia University, consultant to the Surgeon General

of the United States; Paul J. Rizzo, vice chairman of IBM, and the

Morgan Stanley Group; Joan Ganz Cooney, who is married to Peter

Peterson, the former chairman of Kuhn, Loeb Company. She is

president of Children's TV Workshop, director of the Chase

Manhattan Bank, the Chase Manhattan Group, May Department

stores and Xerox. She had been a publicist for NBC since 1954,

when she developed her profitable children's television program.

She received the Stephen S. Wise award.

Number thirteen in world ranking is Sandoz of Switzerland.

Lysergic acid, the famous LSD, was developed in Sandoz

laboratories in 1943 by chemist Dr. Albert Hofmann. Sandoz has $5

billion a year in business revenues including $500 million in

agricultural chemicals and dyestuffs produced by its American

factories. Sandoz owns Northrup King, the huge hybrid seed

company, Viking Brass and other firms.

Fourteenth in world ranking is Bristol Myers. Its chief

operating officer is Richard Gelb, formerly with Clairol, the

company which had been founded by his family. Gelb is chairman

of the Rockefeller controlled Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; he is a

director of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, Cluett Peabody,

New York Times, New York Life Insurance, Bankers Trust, the

Council of Foreign Relations, the Business Council and the

Business Roundtable. Directors of Bristol-Myers include Ray C.

Adam, a partner of J. P. Morgan Company and director of Morgan

Guaranty Trust, Metropolitan Life, Cities Service, and chairman of

the $2 billion a year NL Industries, a petroleum field service

concern.

We have William M. Ellinghaus, who has been with the Bell

Systems since 1940, president of New York Telephone, director of

J. C. Penney, Bankers Trust, vice chairman of the New York Stock

Exchange, International Paper, Armstrong World Industries, New

York Blood Center and United Way; he is a Knight of Malta of the

Holy Sepulcher of Jerusalem, president of AT&T, director of

Textron, Revlon and Pacific Tel & Tel; John D. Macomber,

chairman of Celanese, director of the Chase Manhattan Bank, RJR

Industries, Nabisco; Martha R. Wallace, member of the Trilateral

Commission, management consultant to Department of State from

1951-53, now director of RCA, Fortune, Time, Henry Luce

Foundation and with Redfield Associates, consultants, since 1983.

She is chairman of the New York Rhodes Scholar Selection

Committee, director of American Can, American Express, Chemical

Bank, New York Stock Exchange, New York Telephone, chairman

of the finance committee of the Council on Foreign Relations and

member of the super secret American Council on Germany, which is

said to be the behind the scenes government of West Germany;

Robert E. Allen, who is director of AT&T, Pacific Northwest Bell,

Manufacturers Hanover and the Manufacturers Hanover Trust;

Henry H. Henley, Jr., chairman of Cluett Peabody, Clupak

Corporation, General Electric, Home Life Insurance, Manufacturers

Hanover Bank and the Manufacturers Hanover Trust, and trustee of

Presbyterian Hospital, New York; James D. Robinson III, chairman

of American Express, director of Shearson Lehman Hutton, Coca

Cola, Union Pacific, Trust Company of Georgia, chairman of

Rockefeller's Memorial Hospital for Cancer and Allied Diseases,

Board manager of the Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, council

member of Rockefeller University, chairman of the United Way,

Council on Foreign Relations Business Council and the Business

Roundtable.

Tthe epitome of the New York Establishment figurehead,

Robinson was with Morgan Guaranty Trust from 1961 to 1968 as

assistant to the president of the bank; Andrew C. Sigler, chairman of

the key policy corporation, Champion Paper, director of Chemical

New York, Cabot Corporation, General Electric and RCA.

Bristol-Myers is the 44th largest advertiser on the United

States, with an annual expenditure of $344 million, mostly in

television and advertising; this gives them a great deal of clout in

dictating the content of programs. Bristol-Myers is now pushing its

new tranquilizer, Buspar and its new anti-cholesterol drug,

Questran, which it expects to gross at least $100 million a year each.

The track record for anti-cholesterol drugs has revealed some

disturbing side effects, such as liver damage and other "unforeseen"

consequences.

Number 15 in world drug firm ranking is Beecham's Group of

England, which specializes in human and veterinarian

pharmaceuticals. Chairman of Beecham is Robert P. Bauman, who

is also vice chairman of Textron, director of McKesson, another

drug firm, and the media conglomerate, Capital Cities ABC.

President of Beecham is Sir Graham Wilkins, director of Thorn EMI

TV, Hill Samuel, the investment bankers, one of the Magic

Seventeen merchant bankers licensed by the Bank of England, and

Rowntree Mackintosh candy firm, as well as Courtauld's, the giant

English textile firm which has close links with the British Secret

Intelligence Service. Directors of Beecham are Lord Keith of

Castleacre, who is chairman of Hill Samuel, investment bankers,

director of Rolls Royce, British Airways, the Times Newspapers

Ltd., and chairman of the Economic Planning Council, which has

total power over businesses in England.

Lord Keith was intelligence director of the Foreign Office before going into

business. Another director of Beecham is Lord McFadzean of Kelvinside,

who is chairman of Shell Transport and Trading, a Rothschild controlled

firm, director of British Airways, Shell Petroleum and Rolls Royce.

He is Commander of the Order of Orange Nassau, the super secret

organization created to celebrate the establishment of William of

Orange as King of England, and the subsequent chartering of the

Bank of England. Beecham's American subsidiary does $500

million a year.

Number sixteen in world ranking is Bayer A. G. of Germany,

one of the three spin-offs from I. G. Farben cartel after World War

II. Set up under orders from the Allied Military Government, which

was then dominated by General William Draper of Dillon Read

investment bankers, Bayer is now larger than the original I. G.

Farben. In 1977, Bayer bought Miles laboratories and Germaine

Monteil Perfumes, in 1981, it bought Agfa Gevaert, another spinoff

of American I. G. Farben, and in 1983 it bought Cutter Laboratories,

a California firm which was famed as having been set up to protect

the Rockefeller controlled drug firms in the great polio

immunization wars.

All of the faulty polio vaccine was said to have been produced by Cutter,

freeing the Rockefeller firms from the threat of lawsuits.

During the 1930s, Bayer operated Sterling Drug and Winthrop

 chemical companies in the United States as subsidiaries of

the giant I. G. Farben cartel. Winthrop Chemical's

president was George G. Klumpp, who had married into the J. P.

Morgan family. Klumpp was chief of the drug division of the Food

and Drug Administration in Washington from 1935-1941, when he

became president of Winthrop Chemical. He had also been

professor of medicine at Yale Medical School. A director of

Winthrop, E. S. Rogers was physician at the Rockefeller Institute

from 1932 to 1934, dean of the school of public health at the

University of California at Berkley since 1946; Rogers had been

consultant to the Secretary of War from 1941 to 1945.

Laurance Rockefeller was also a director of Winthrop Chemical,

showing the close connection between the Rockefellers and

I. G. Farben. Rockefeller was also a director of McDonnell Aircraft,

Eastern Air Lines, Chase Manhattan Bank, International Nickel,

International Basic Economy Corporation, Memorial Hospital, and the

Rockefeller Brothers Fund.

The number seventeen world ranked drug firm is Syntex, a firm

prominent in agribusiness. Its founder-chairman, George

Rosencrantz of Budapest, gives his present address as 1730 Parque

Via Reforma, Mexico DF 10; he left the country after a bizarre

kidnap scheme involving his wife. Chairman and president of

Syntex is Albert Bowers, born in Manchester, England, a Fulbright

fellow and member of the council at Rockefeller University;

directors are Martin Carton, executive vice president of Allen and

Company, Wall Street investment firm which was rumored for years

to be the investment arm of Meyer Lansky's five hundred million

dollar fortune from Mafia activities. Cartin is chairman of the

finance committee of Fischbach Corporation, director of Rockcor

Inc., Barco of California, Frank B. Hall & Company and Williams

Electronics.

Other directors of Syntex include Dana Leavitt, chairman of

Leavitt Management Corporation, director of Pritchard Health Care,

Chicago Title & Trust, United Artists, Transamerica, and chairman

of Occidental Life Insurance; Leonard Marks, executive vice

president of Castle & Cooke, the Hawaiian investment firm, director

of the Times Mirror Corporation, Wells Fargo, Homestake Mining

Company and California and Hawaii Sugar Company. Marks was

Assistant Secretary of the Air Force from 1964-68. Also director of

Syntex is a big name in banking, Anthony Solomon, now chairman

of S. G. Warburg's Mercury International. Solomon was economist

with the OPA when Richard Nixon began his career of government

service there.

Solomon then opened a canned soup firm in Mexico,

Rosa Blanca, which he sold for many millions. He then returned to

government service as an official of AID, president of the

International Investment Corporation for Yugoslavia 1969-1972,

was appointed Under Secretary for Monetary Affairs of the Treasury

Department, 1977-1980, and succeeded Paul Volcker as president of

York, when David Rockefeller moved Volcker up to become

chairman of the Federal Reserve Board of Governors in 1980.

Solomon is also a director of Banca Commerciale Italiane.

Syntex is remembered for the mercurial rise in its stock when it

began to dump vast amounts of condemned drugs in backward

overseas countries. Its profits skyrocketed, as did its stock.

Number eighteen in world ranking is the former empire of

Elmer Bobst, Warner-Lambert. It is the number nineteen advertiser

in the United States, spending $469 million a year. Chairman of

Warner-Lambert is Joseph D. Williams, who is also director of

Warner-Lambert subsidiary, Parke-Davis, whose acquisition went

through only because Bobst had secured the presidency for his

friend Richard Nixon. Williams is also a director of AT&T, J. C.

Penney, Western Electric, Excello and Columbia University. He is

chairman of the People to People Foundation. President of Warner-

Lambert is Melvin R. Goodes, born in Canada, who was with the

Ford Motor Company. Goodes was a fellow of the Ford Foundation

and the Sears Roebuck Foundation.

Warner-Lambert, which was built into a drug empire by the

many Bobst acquisitions, now features Listerine mouth-wash

(26.9% alcohol), Bromo Seltzer, Dentyne, Schick razors, Sloan's

Linament, and Prazepan tranquilizer. Directors are B. Charles

Ames, chairman of Acme Cleveland, the M. A. Hanna Corporation,

Diamond Shamrock, and Harris Graphics; Donald L. Clark,

chairman of Household International, the huge finance firm, Square

D. Evanston Hospital and the Council on Foreign Relations;

William R. Howell, chairman of J. C. Penney, director of Exxon and

Nynex; Paul S. Morabito, director of Burroughs, Consumer Power,

and Detroit Renaissance, the ill-fated experiment in "human

rehabilitation" which poured billions into a Detroit rathole, and from

which Henry Ford II resigned in disgust; Kenneth J. Whalen,

director of American Motors, Combustion Engineering, Whirlpool

and trustee of Union College; John F. Burdett, director of ACF

Industries, General Public Utilities (which has sales of $2.87 billion

a year). Chairman of ACF is the noted raider, Carl Icahn, who is

chairman of the subsidiary IC Holding Company. Also directors of

Warner-Lambert are Richard A. Cramer, Irving Kristol, kingpin of

the neoconservative movement which centers around Jeane

Kirkpatrick and the CIA; and Henry G. Parks, Jr., token black who

founded Parks Sausage in Baltimore. He is now a director of W. R.

Grace Company and Signal Company.

Other directors of Warner-Lambert are Paul S. Russell of the

Harvard Medical School, Columbia College of Physicians and

Surgeons, U.S. Navy, U.S. Public Health Service, director of Sloan

Kettering Cancer Center since 1974; and Edgar J. Sullivan,

chairman of Borden, director of Bank of New York, director of F.

W. Woolworth, professor and trustee of St. John's University.

Sullivan is a Knight of Malta, director of the Council on Foreign

Relations and the Atlantic Council. Sterling Drug, maker of Bayer's

aspirin, and spinoff from the I. G. Farben cartel, is another important

drug firm

Its chairman, W. Clark Wescoe, is a director of the

Tinker Foundation, John Simon Guggenheim Foundation, Phillips

Petroleum, and Hallmark Cards. He is chairman of the China

Medical Board of New York, long the favorite charity of media

tycoon Henry Luce. Wescoe is also trustee of the Samuel H. Kress

Foundation and Columbia University, and controls billions in

foundation funds. He is a director of the American Medical

Association, the American College of Physicians, and the Council

on Family Health. President of Sterling is John M. Pietruski, who

was with Proctor and Gamble from 1954 to 1967, now director of

Irving Bank, Associated Dry Goods (textile empire doing $2.6

billion a year); a later president, James G. Andress was with Abbott

Laboratories; directors are Gordon T. Wallis, chairman of Irving

Bank and Irving Trust, director of the Federal Reserve Bank of New

York, Council on Foreign Relations, F. W. Woolworth, JWT Group,

General Telephone and Electronics, Wing Hang Bank Ltd., and

International Commercial Bank Ltd.

William E. C. Dear-den, who was chairman of Hershey Foods from 1964

to 1985, now with the Heritage Foundation, the pseudo-rightwing think tank

 run by the British Fabian Society; and Martha T. Muse, president of the very

influential Tinker Foundation ($30 million). She is also director of

Irving Bank, the American Council on Germany, ruling group of

West Germany, Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service, and

Georgetown Center for Strategic and International Studies, all of

which are the CIA preserves of veterans Evron and Jeane

Kirkpatrick. She is also director of the Woodrow Wilson

International Center and the Order of St. John of Jerusalem. Thus

we find that Martha T. Muse is a veritable director of top secret

CIA worldwide operations.

The Tinker Foundation, like the Jacob Kaplan Fund, is one of

the super secret organizations which funnels money to the CIA for

covert activities too bizarre to be submitted to any government

operations center. The secretary of the Tinker Foundation is

Raymond L. Brittenham, who was born in Moscow, educated at the

Kaiser Wilhelm Institute in Berlin. He was general counsel for ITT,

whose German operations were headed by Baron Kurt von

Schroder, personal banker to Adolf Hitler. Brittenham was senior

vice president for law at ITT, Bell Tel, Belgian International,

Standard Electric, vice president Standard Lorenz, Germany

Harvard Law School, and partner of Lazard Freres investment

bankers since 1980.

Director of Tinker Foundation is David Abshire, White House confidant

on sensitive intelligence matters. He is chairman of American Enterprise

 Institute, secret policy group headed by Jeane Kirkpatrick, and the

Center for Strategic and International Studies. Abshire was U.S. Ambassador

to NATO in Brussels, which serves as world headquarters and command center

for the Rothschild World Order; Abshire headed the Reagan

Transition team after Reagan's election to the White House; he also

headed the National Security group, is on the administrative board

of the Naval War College, the President's Foreign Intelligence

Advisory Board and the influential International Institute of

Strategic Studies.

Also director of Tinker Foundation is John N. Irwin II,

educated at Oxford, partner of the Wall Street law firm, David Polk

Wardwell until he moved on to Patterson Belknap. Irwin has been

deputy assistant secretary of defense, internal security from 1957-

61, Under Secretary of State, Ambassador to France from 1970 to

1974. Irwin is a director of Morgan Guaranty Trust, IBM and the

super secret 1925 F. Street Club in Washington. Vice chairman of

the Tinker Foundation is Grayson Kirk, president of University of

Wisconsin, president emeritus of University of Chicago, advisor to

IBM, director of the Bullock Fund, the Asia Foundation, the French

Institute, Lycee Francais, trustee of Money Shares, High Income

Shares and the Hoover front, the Belgian-American Educational

Foundation. Kirk is also recipient of the Order of the British Empire,

St. John of Jerusalem, and is Commander of the Order of Orange-

Nassau.

When Hoffman LaRoche made a strong bid for Sterling Drug

in 1987, its cause was advanced by Lewis Preston, head of the J. P.

Morgan empire, who was also banker for Sterling Drug. Publicity

about his role caused his retirement for J. P. Morgan Company.

Sterling was then bought by Eastman Kodak through funding from

the Rockefellers. Kodak banks at Chase Lincoln First Bank, which

is wholly owned by Chase Manhattan Bank. Kodak does $10 billion

a year; its chairman is C. Kay Whitmore, who is a director of Chase

Manhattan Bank and Chase Manhattan National Corporation.

Directors of Kodak are Roger E. Anderson, former chairman of

Continental Illinois Bank until it threatened to go under from

mismanagement; he is now with Amsted Industries, a $700 million

steel corporation. Anderson is also chairman of the Chicago branch

of the Council on Foreign Relations. Other directors of Kodak are

Charles T. Duncan, dean of the law school of Howard University,

director of defense firm TRW, Proctor and Gamble and the NAACP

Legal Defense Fund. A 32nd degree Mason, Duncan has long been

active in black affairs, listing himself as assistant to now Supreme

Court Justice Thurgood Marshall in the school desegregation case

before the Supreme Court from 1953 to 1955. Juanita Kreps is also

director of Kodak, she was President Jimmy Carter's Secretary of

Commerce; she is now director of RJR Industries and the New York

Stock Exchange; she received the Stephen S. Wise award. Also on

the board of Sterling are John G. Smale, chairman of Proctor and

Gamble, director of General Motors; and Richard Mahoney,

chairman of Monsanto Chemical Company.

Because they are active in similar chemical formulations, the

leading chemical firms are also closely interlocked with the major

drug producing firms. Richard Mahoney, director of Sterling Drug,

is chairman of Monsanto Chemical, a $7 billion a year firm.

Mahoney claims he is seeking a twenty per cent return on equity for

Monsanto this year. He is also director of Metropolitan Life

Insurance Company, Centerre Bancorp, G. D. Searle.

President of Monsanto is Earle H. Harbison, Jr., who was with the CIA

from 1949 to 1967. Harbison is chairman of G. D. Searle, president of the

Mental Health Association and director of Bethesda General

Hospital and the St. Louis Hospital.

Directors of Monsanto are Donald C. Carroll, dean of the Wharton

School of Business; Richard I. Fricke, who was general counsel of the

Ford Motor Company from 1957-1962, now chairman of the National Life

Insurance Company and chairman of the Sentinel Group Funds; Howard A.

Love, chairman of National Intergroup, formerly National Steel,

director of Transworld Corporation and Hamilton Oil Corporation;

Buck Mickel, construction tycoon, chairman of Daniel International

Corporation which does over $1 billion a year, chairman RSI

chairman of and Duke Power, president of the Fluor Corporation,

vice chairman of J. P. Stevens, which is now undergoing a takeover

bid, director of Seaboard Coast Line railroad.

Also director of Monsanto is William G. Ruckelshaus, who was

deputy Attorney General of the United States and Assistant Attorney

General in the Department of Justice Civil Department from 1969-

70, administrator of EPA from 1970 to 1973, served as Director of

the FBI, senior vice president for law of the giant Weyerhauser

Corporation, director of U.S. West and Pacific Gas Transmission;

Stansfield Turner, who was director of the CIA from 1977 to 1981,

a Rhodes Scholar, president of the Naval War College, Commander

in Chief of NATO and the Second Fleet; C. Raymond Dahl,

chairman of Crown Zellerbach, director of Bank America; John W.

Hanley, former chairman of Monsanto, now director of Citibank,

Citicorp and RJR Industries; Jean Mayer, son of the longtime

chairman of Lazard Freres, Andre Mayer.

Jean Mayer was born in Paris and is director of many organizations

dealing with population studies; he was special consultant to the President

of the United States from 1969-1970, and has been president of Tufts 

Universitysince 1976, director of UNICEF and WHO; John S. Reed, chairman

of Citibank, director of Philip Morris, United Technologies, Russell

Sage Foundation, and the Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; John B.

Slaughter, director of General Dynamics, Naval Electronic Lab at

San Diego, NSF Missile Spec., and chancellor of the University of

Maryland since 1982; he is active in a number of minority group

organizations, Urban League, trustee Rensselaer Polytechnic

Institute; Margaret Bush Wilson, a lawyer in St. Louis, treasurer of

the NAACP and trustee of Washington University.

The close connection of the chemical industry and government

intelligence is shown by the fact that Monsanto officers and

directors include a CIA agent for twenty years, another former

director of the CIA, former director of the EPA and the FBI and an

engineer with General Dynamics, the nation's leading defense firm.

Although DDT was outlawed in this country, Monsanto

continues to make handsome profits by shipping it overseas,

particularly to countries in Latin America and Asia.

The eleven billion dollar a year Dow Chemical Corporation has

directors including Carl Gerstacker, director of the Eaton

Corporation. (Cyrus Eaton was a protégé of John D. Rockefeller,

long involved in pro-Soviet activities as organizer of the Pugwash

Conference, which was directed by the KGB); Paul F. McCracken,

economist for the Federal Reserve Bank of Minnesota from 1943-

48, professor of economics at the University of Michigan since

1948; McCracken was chairman of the Council of Economic

Advisers from 1956-71, and has served on the President's Advisory

Board of Economic Policy since 1981; Harold T. Shapiro, director

of the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, which funds the Rockefeller

dominated Sloan Kettering Center, president of the University of

Michigan, director of Ford Motor, Burroughs and Kellogg; Shapiro

has served on the CIA panel since 1984. Although Dow was a

family firm for many years, with Willard Dow as chairman, and

three Dows on the board of directors, they are now all gone.

Mallinkrodt was another chemical firm long owned by one

family; it is now a subsidiary of International Minerals and

Chemical; there are no Mallinkrodts on its board. Directors are

Jeremiah Milbank, a very influential New York family. He is

president of the Milbank Fund, which is dominant in medical

research; he is also treasurer of the Robert A. Taft School of

Government, and vice president of the Boys Club of America, on

which J. Edgar Hoover served for many years; Warren L. Batts,

president of Dart Industries, director of the Mead Corporation, the

First National Bank of Atlanta, Dart & Kraft and trustee of the

American Enterprise Institute with Jeane Kirkpatrick; Frank W.

Considine, chairman of National Can Corporation; Louis Fernandez,

director of the Tribune Company in Chicago, Encyclopedia

Britannica, First Chicago National Bank, Allis Chalmers and Loyola

University.

Also Paul R. Judy, co-chairman Warburg Paribas Becker and

director of Robert Bosch of North America; Rowland C. Frazee,

chairman of the Royal Bank of Canada, director of Power

Corporation of Canada, McGill University, and Portage Program for

Drug Dependencies; James W. Glanville, was with Lazard Freres,

now Lehman Brothers, director of the Halliburton Corporation;

Thomas H. Roberts, Jr., chairman of DeKalb Agsearch, leading

producers of hybrid corn, Continental Illinois bank, Board of

Visitors Harvard University, president of St. Lukes Hospital, trust of

Rush Medical College; Morton Moskin, lawyer with the Wall Street

firm of White and Case, director of Crum & Forster.

For years, Mallinkrodt had a sweetheart deal with Memorial

Hospital Sloan Kettering. One of the shadowy figures, now

departed, who exercised a considerable influence behind the scenes

was the man who set up this deal, M. Frederik Smith, a longtime

Rockefeller associate who was director of Mallinkrodt. An

indefatigable public relations man, Smith worked at Young &

Rubicam, handled Bruce Burton's Congressional campaign, and

masterminded the Wilkie bid for the presidency. Smith served as

assistant to the President at the Bretton Wood conference and as

assistant to the Secretary of the Treasury from 1924-44, representing

the Rockefeller interests there. He also handled the public relations

for Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, was a director of ABC and

Simon and Schuster, handled public relations for the Book-of-the-

Month Club and founded the United Nations Free World

Association.

DuPont is another firm which for years was controlled by the

DuPont family; they now have few representatives on its board.

Edgar Bronfman now has a 21% holding in its stock. A former

director of DuPont was Donaldson Brown, who married Greta

DuPont; he was director of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York,

General Motors Acceptance Corporation and Gulf Oil. This $14

billion a year firm now has Andrew Brimmer, former Governor of

the Federal Reserve Board, as director; he served as governor from

1966 to 1974.

A longtime rival of DuPont is Imperial Chemical Industries of

England. It was founded by Alfred Mond, who became Lord

Melchett. He formed agreements with I. G. Farben during the 1920s

which allowed him to absorb British Dyestuffs and Nobel Industries

in 1926. Its present chairman is Sir John Henry Harvey-Jones,

director of Barclay's Bank. President of ICI is the 4th Baron Lord

Melchett, Peter Mond, who finances the Greenpeace Environment

Trust. Directors are Sir Robin Ibbs, a director of Lloyd's Bank, who

serves as advisor to the Prime Minister. He is on the Council of the

Royal Institute of International Affairs, the parent organization of

our Council on Foreign Relations; Sir Alex A. Jarratt, who held

many government offices from 1949 to 1970, including Minister of

Power and Minister of State; he is now department chairman of the

Midland Bank, and director of the Thyssen-Bornemitza Group.

There is also Sir Patrick Meaney, who is chairman of the Rank Organization, a

movie making firm which was set up by the British Secret

Intelligence Service; they imported a Hungarian, Rank, to run it for

them and make anti-German movies in preparation for the start of

the Second World War; Meaney is also a director of the Midland

Bank. Also director of ICI is Sir Jeremy Morse, the chairman of

Lloyd's; he was director of the Bank of England from 1965 to 1972,

and is now president of the British Bankers Association; and also

director of ICI is the media tycoon, Lord Kenneth Thomson,

chairman of the Thomson Organization, which owns 93 newspapers

in the United States; most Americans have never heard of him; he is

also a director of IBM Canada and, Abitibi-Price, the newsprint

giant.

Donald C. Platten is also a director of Thomson Newspapers;

he was formerly with the Federal Advisory Council of the Federal

Reserve System; his daughter married Alfred Gwynne Vanderbilt.

Another chemical firm, Stauffer Chemical, is now a subsidiary

of Cheseborough-Pond, a Rockefeller firm. Its chairman is Ralph E.

Ward; he is a director of the Chase Manhattan Bank and the Chase

Manhattan Corporation. The Rohm & Haas drug firm is in the

Mellon Bank orbit, with prominent Philadelphia financiers as

directors.

They include G. Morris Dorrance, Jr., who is chairman of

Corestates Financial Corporation, R. R. Donnelly Corporation,

Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, Provident Mutual Life

Insurance, Banque Worms et cie of Paris and Verwaltungsrat John

Berenberg, Gossler & Company. Dorrance is also a trustee of the

University of Pennsylvania; Paul L. Miller, Jr., partner of Miller,

Anderson & Sherrod; he is a director of Enterra Corporation,

Hewlett Packard, Berwind Corporation, Mead Corporation and

trustee of the Ford Foundation. Other directors are Robert E. Naylor,

Jr., who was director of research for DuPont from 1956 to 1981; he

is now with the Advanced Genetic Societies.

Other drug companies include Schering-Plough, whose president,

Richard J. Kogan, was with Ciba-Geigy; he is now director of the National

Westminister Bank of the United States; directors are Virginia A. Dwyer,

senior vice president for finance for AT&T; she is also a director of the

Federal Reserve Bank of New York, Borden, and Eaton; Milton F.

Rosenthal, was treasurer of Hugo Stinnes and now chairman of the

leading gold dealer, Engelhard Corporation, and director of

European American Banking Corporation. He is director of

Salomon Brothers, Midatlantic Bank and Ferro Corporation; H.

Guyford Spiver, chief scientist for the United States Air Force,

president of Carnegie-Mellon University, director of TRW ($5

billion a year defense contractor), science advisor to the President of

the United States, holding many positions and offices in his Who's

Who list; W.

David Dance, director emeritus of General Electric, director of Acme

Cleveland, A&P, Isek Corporation; Harold D. McGraw, Jr., chairman of

the giant business publishing firm, McGraw Hill and director of Standard

& Poor's, CPC International; J. W. van Gorkum, chairman of Trans Union

Corporation, director of Champion International, IC Industries, Zenith Radio

and Inland Steel; he is a member of the Bohemian Club.

Schering, a German firm, was seized by the Alien Property

Custodian in 1942; it was sold by auction on March 6, 1952 by the

Alien Property Custodian to a syndicate headed by Merrill Lynch,

with Drexel & Company and Kidder Peabody joining in the deal.

Another drug firm, Burroughs Wellcome, is owned by the

Wellcome Trust of England; its director is Lord Franks, a longtime

trustee of the Rockefeller Foundation.

As was previously mentioned, Abbott Laboratories of Chicago,

won recognition from the AMA for its products through adroit

handling of the nation's preeminent quack, "Doc" Simmons. Its

president Robert Schoellhorn, a director of Pillsbury and ITT;

directors include K. Frank Austen, professor at the Harvard Medical

School since 1960, chief physician at Beth Israel Hospital since

1980; he serves on many professional groups, including the Arthritis

Foundation, and the American Board of Allergy and Immunology;

Joseph V. Charyk, born in Canada, who was with Lockheed

Aircraft, the space director and Under Secretary of the Air Force

from 1959-1963; he was director of the communications satellite

program; director of American Securities Corporation, Washington,

D.C., Draper Laboratories, General Space Corporation, chairman of

the Communications Satellite Corporation and COMSAT

Corporation.

David A. Jones, chairman of the giant hospital firm, Humana

Corporation, heads a firm with 17,000 employees which does

$1.5 billion a year; he is also a director of Abbott Laboratories.

The chairman of the executive committee of Abbott is Arthur E.

Rasmussen, a director of Standard Oil of Indiana, trustee of the

University of Chicago, which was established by a grant from John

D. Rockefeller, trustee of the Field Foundation, and the International

Rescue Committee, chairman of Household International and the

Adler Planetarium; he is also a director of Amoco. Also director of

Abbott Laboratories is Philip de Zulueta, a principal Rothschild

operative in the British government for many years. De Zulueta is a

close associate of Sir Mark Turner, who is chairman of the

Rothschild firm Rio Tino Zinc. De Zulueta has been advisor to

every Prime Minister of England since World War II; he was Private

Parliamentary Secretary to Prime Minister Harold MacMillan. De

Zulueta also has served for years as the private emissary between

the Rothschilds of England and the Canada Bronfmans, who are

their "cutouts" or front men in this hemisphere.

Another important world chemical firm is Unilever, founded in

1894; it is now headed by Lord Hunt of Tanworth, who held many

important government positions from 1946 to 1973; he is also

chairman of the Tablet Publishing Company, chairman of the top-secret

Ditchley Foundation, (conduit for instructions between the

governments of the United States and England), chairman of

Banque Nationale de Paris and director of Prudential Corporation

and IBM; vice chairman of Unilever is Kenneth Durham, who is

chairman of Woolworth Holdings, Morgan Grenfell Holdings,

United Technologies, Chase Manhattan Bank, Air Products and

Chemicals, advisor to the New York Stock Exchange, director of

British Aerospace and president of the Center for World

Development and the Leverhulme Trust. Unilever owns Lever

Brothers in the United States; it bought Anderson Clayton Company

in 1986, Thomas Lipton Company and Lawry's Foods.

The drug firms exercise a potent force in Washington through

their lobbying activities. The chief lobbyist for the Pharmaceutical

Manufacturers Association is Washington's highest-powered

lobbyist, Lloyd Cutler. His mother was Dorothy Glaser; his sister

Laurel married Stan Bernstein; she is now vice president of the

public relations firm and advertising giant, McCann Erickson.

Cutler has been a partner of the Washington law firm Wilmer Cutler

and Pickering since 1962. He was a counsel to the President from

1979 to 1981, and is a trustee of the prestigious Brookings

Institution. A director of Kaiser Industries and American Cyanamid,

Cutler was with the Lend Lease Administration, served as senior

consultant to the Presidential Commission on Strategic Forces 1983,

U.S. Group Permanent Court of Arbitration at The Hague 1984, and

is a director of the Yale Development Board, the Foreign Policy

Association and the Council on Foreign Relations. He is a member

of the exclusive club, Buck's, in London and Lyford Cay, Nassau.

He writes for the CFR magazine, Foreign Affairs. In an article, "To

Form A Government," he complains that, "the structure of our

constitution prevents us from doing significantly better." He urges

that we should correct "this structural fault." The monopolists and

their highly paid Washington lobbyists often find the Constitution a

barrier to their plans; they cannot wait to get rid of it, because it is

the only protection the citizens of the United States have left.

Hospital combines, as well as the drug firms, have become big

business, and show close interlocking with major drug companies.

Baxter Travenol, with $1.5 billion sales per year, interlocks with

American Hospital Supply Corporation, a $2.34 billion a year

hospital operation. Both firms have the same chairman, Karl D.

Bays; he is a director of Standard Oil of Indiana, the omnipresent

Rockefeller connection. Bays is also a director of Northern Trust,

Delta Airlines, IC Industries, Amoco, and trustee of Duke,

Northwestern University and the Lake Forest Hospital. President of

American Hospital Supply is Harold D. Bernthal, who is also

director of Bucyars Erie Company, Butler Mfg., Bliss & Laughlin

Industries and trustee of Northwestern University and Northwestern

University Hospital.

Directors of American Hospital Supply are Blaine J. Yarrington,

executive vice president of Standard Oil of Indiana, director of

the Continental Illinois Bank and trustee of the Field Museum

of Natural History; Yarrington is also a director of

Baxter Travenol. Other directors of American Hospital Supply are

Harrington Drake, chairman of Colgate University, director of

Corinthian Broadcasting System, Irving Bank, Irving Trust; Fred

Turner, chairman of MacDonald's; Charles S. Munson, Jr., chairman

of Air Reduction Corporation, Guaranty Trust, Cuban Distilling

Company, National Carbide, Canada Dry, Reinsurance Corporation

of New York, North British and Mercantile Insurance Company of

London, trustee of the Taft School and Presbyterian Hospital; he

was in the Chemical Warfare Service and served on the Army and

Navy Munitions Board; also on the board of Baxter Travenol was

William Wood Prince, a Chicago tycoon, president of F. H. Prince

Company, director of Gaylord Freeman, director of Atlantic

Richfield and trustee of the Aspen Institute of Humanistic Studies

and trustee of Northwestern University .

Another giant hospital holding company, American Medical

International of Beverly Hills, has seen its revenues climb from a

mere $500 million a year to $2.66 billion in five years; it now has

40,000 employees. Chairman is Royce Diener; president is Walter

Weisman; group vice president is Jerome Weisman. Directors

include Henry Rosovsky, born in Danzig, Germany; he has been a

director of the American Jewish Congress since 1975. Rosovsky

was educated at Hebrew University, College of Jerusalem and

Yeshiva University; he has been a professor at Harvard since 1965.

Rosovsky is a member of the Harvard Corporation, director of

Corning Glass and Paine Webber investment bankers.

Also director of AMI is Bernard Schriever, born in Bremen,

Germany. As a general in the United States Air Force, Schriever

was commander of the ICBM program from 1954 to 1959, Air

Force Strategic Command from 1959-1966. He is now chairman of

a contracting firm doing much government business in Washington,

Schriever-McGee, since 1971. Schriever is also a director of Control

Data, which operates under extensive Medicare and other

government contracts, director of defense contractor Emerson

Electric and transacts much of his business on the links of the

exclusive Burning Tree Country Club, the historic haunt of defense

contractors since President Eisenhower made it his favorite place of

recreation.

Rocco Siciliano is also a director of AMI; he was with the

National Labor Relations Board from 1953 to 1957, special assistant

to President Eisenhower 1957-1959, Under Secretary of Commerce

1969-71, chairman of TICOR, 1971-1984, a leading California title

insurance firm, which is now a subsidiary of Southern Pacific

Siciliano was succeeded as chairman of this firm by Harold Geneen,

former chairman of ITT. Siciliano is "of counsel" for the

Washington lobbying firm, Jones, Day, Reavis and Pogue; he is also

a director of the giant J. Paul Getty Trust and the Johns Hopkins

University School of International Studies, which was founded by

Owen Lattimore, (named by Senator Joe McCarthy as a leading

Communist influence in the United States). Also director of AMI is

S. Jerome Tamkin, a prominent Los Angeles stockbroker, head of

Tamkin Securities and Tamkin Consulting Company.

The history of the pharmaceutical drug business has always

been a chronicle of fraud, of preying on the fears of the uneducated

and the gullible and taking advantage of the universal fears of the

illness and death. The grand daddy of all nostrums is Goddard's

drops, a bone distillate which was sold as a cure for gout in England

in 1673. In 1711, Tuscarora rice was sold there as a cure for

consumption. During some four thousand years of the practice of

pharmaceutical prescriptions, many "cures" have been found to be

worse than the disease. William Shakespeare warned, "In Physic

there is Poison." Dr. R. R. Dracke, well known blood specialist in

Atlanta, also issued a warning that "the following notable drugs may

poison the marrow in the bones, decrease the production of white

blood cells, may cause death and should be taken as medicine only

with specific instruction from a well known doctor ~ amidopyrene,

dinitrophenol (a diet drug), novaldine, antipyrene, sulphanilamide,

sedormid and salvarsen."

Physicians have warned that no acetanilid is safe, because all

coal tar derivatives are powerful heart depressants. Rorer

Pharmaceuticals makes Ascriptin, and television advertisements

have been urging men to take an aspirin or aspirin product daily "to

protect their heart." The attorneys general of Texas and New York

have requested drug firms to halt the claim that aspirin may prevent

heart attacks in men; it also reduces fever and makes it difficult for a

physician to correctly diagnose pneumonia.

The William S. Merrell Company, merged with Vick Chemical,

marketed thalidomide as the "tranquilizer of the future." It

guaranteed control of unpleasant symptoms during pregnancy.

Unfortunately, the children of mothers who took it were born

without arms or legs; some had flippers for arms. 60 Minutes

recently presented a twenty-five year update on English victims of

thalidomide, carefully avoiding any treatment of American victims.

The program showed the astounding courage of the victims, who

tried to carry on daily life, while the reporters seemed hard put to

keep from bursting into laughter at the strange beings who rolled

around like human eggs, maneuvering frantically to stay right side

up.

CBS also avoided any mention of the names of the

manufacturers or distributors of thalidomide, although a typical

operation of their brand of "adversary journalism" would have been

to thrust a microphone into the face of the firm's chairman, and

demand to know why they didn't realize this was a dangerous drug.

CBS depends heavily on advertising revenues from the

pharmaceutical manufacturers, and they are not about to offend their

best customers.

William S. Merrell also produced MER/29, which was

advertised as breakthrough in anticholesterol drugs. It was soon

found that MER/29 caused dermatitis, changing color of hair, loss of

sex drive and a condition known as "alligator skin." In 1949, Parke-

Davis' chloromycetin was hailed as the new wonder drug. Several

doctors were persuaded to give it to their children, who then died of

leukemia. 75% of the cases of aplastic anemia resulting from the

administration of chloromycetin were fatal. Dr. H. A. Hooks of El

Paso lost his seven and a half year old son, after he had been assured

by a Parke-Davis representative that the drug was safe. In December

1963, a Washington grand jury indicted Richard Merrell and

chairman William S. Merrell for falsifying date to the FDA on

MER/29.

They filed a "no contest" plea and on June 4, 1964 were

fined the maximum fine, $80,000. Parke-Davis defense counsel was

a former federal judge from 1957 to 1960, Lawrence Walsh, who is

now much in the news as the White Knight who is prosecuting

political figures on vague charges of malfeasance.

After an oral contraceptive pill was found to cause severe

reactions, the American Medical Association put great pressure on

Dr. Roger Hegeberg, Assistant Secretary of HEW and the Secretary

of HEW, Finch, claiming they were "over-emphasizing dangers";

the warning on the pill was then cut from 600 words to only 96

much milder words; this warning was increased by Secretary Finch

himself of April 7, 1970 to 120 words of warning, which was

released personally by Finch. The pill was then found to cause fatal

blood clotting, heart attack and cancer. The behaviour of the AMA

in this instance contrasted strangely with its violent attacks for many

years on "quacks," who it protested were the real dangers to the

public.

Hoffman LaRoche marketed an intravenous drug, Versed,

which was linked to forty deaths in two years by FDA studies.

Richter's definitive work, "Pills, Pesticides and Profits," notes that a

U.S. company, Velsicol, sold three million pounds of a pesticide,

Phosvel (leptophos), which had never been approved by the EPA.

Velsicol exported it to thirty countries. It causes extensive damage

to the nervous system. In Egypt, it killed one hundred water buffalo

and poisoned dozens of farmers. Velsicol is a subsidiary of

Northwest Industries, a three billion dollars a year operation in

Chicago whose chairman is longtime rail magnate, Ben Heinemann,

a trustee of the University of Chicago, and the First Chicago

Corporation.

Directors of Northwest Industries are James E. Dovitt,

director of Hart, Schaffner and Marx, president of Mutual of New

York, and director of MONY; he is also a director of National Can.

Other directors of Northwest are William B. Graham, chairman of

Baxter Travenol Drug Company, also a trustee of the University of

Chicago, director of Deere, Field Enterprises, Bell & Howell and

Borg-Warner; National Council of U.S. China Trade; Thomas S.

Hyland, vice president of Standard & Poor's; Gaylord Freeman,

director of Baxter Travenol and Atlantic Richfield; James F. Bere,

chairman of Borg-Warner, director of Abbott Laboratories, Time,

Inc., Hughes Tool Company and Continental Illinois Bank.

After TRIS, a fire-retardant chemical used in clothing, was

banned in the United States, after years of enthusiastic advertising

that it would save thousands of children from death by fire each

year, the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission banned it in

1977. 2.4 million TRIS treated garments were then exported to the

Third World. In 1977, the FDA removed dipyrene from the market.

It had been found to cause severe blood disorders, interfering with

the white blood cell function; it was then sold widely in Latin

America with no warning.

Cloquinol, a drug used to treat amoebic dysentery, produced by

Ciba-Geigy in 1934 (Batero Vioform and Mexon) was found to

cause a nerve disorder. Seven hundred Japanese died from taking it,

after 11,000 cases of SMON, subacute myelic optic neuropathy.

Ciba-Geigy then paid a settlement to some 1500 victims and

survivors. Hoechst marketed an analgesic said to be like aspirin,

aminopyrein and dipyrene. It was found to cause anemia and was

banned in the United States, but continued to be sold in Latin

America and Asia. Chlorophenicol (chloromycetin) also is still sold

in Latin America and Asia. Travellers are warned to beware of

drugs in foreign countries which have long been banned in the

United States.

The artificial sweetener, aspartame (Nutrasweet) has now

flooded the American market. It earned $750 million for its

producers in 1987, although it has come under attack as a cause of

brain seizures. The debate about aspartame has been going on for

thirteen years; more Congressional hearings have now been

scheduled. Meanwhile, Burroughs Wellcome hopes to make

millions with its new drug for AIDS, AZT. It is said to prolong the

life of AIDS victims from six months to two years. This firm is

owned by the Wellcome Trust, of which Lord Franks, a director of

the Rockefeller Foundation, is director.

Tranquilizers continue to be big business. Roche Labs

(Hoffman LaRoche) continues to push its No. 1 seller, Valium,

while promoting its other sellers, Librium, Limbitrol, Marplan,

Noludar, Tractan, Clonpin and Dalmane. Roche also produces

Matulane, which is used in cancer therapy. This drug causes

leukopenia, anemia, and thrompenia, with side effects of nausea,

vomiting, stomatitis, dysphagia, diarrhea, pain, chills, fever,

sweating, drowsiness, tachycardia, bleeding and leukemia.

If an alternative health care practitioner ever dared to offer such a

drug to the public, he would be incarcerated for life. We all know how

dangerous "quacks" are to your health. Roche's medical director, Dr.

Bruce Medd, hails these drugs as boons to mankind.

Listen to his rhapsodizing, "Unlike quack remedies, which are neither

tested nor scientifically proven, Roche products stand for quality and

efficiency. We at Roche join the fight against medical quackery and

health fraud." Despite Dr. Medd's assurances, the Office of

Technology Assessment of the U.S. Government states that 95% of

the drugs on the market have not been proven to work. Indeed, this

writer has never heard of any "quack" remedy producing even a

fraction of the harmful side effects as those listed above as caused

by Matulane, Dr. Medd's pride and joy.

Another firm offering "proven'' drugs is Smith, Kline Beckman,

which made its initial millions from peddling the drug known

as "speed" through prescriptions from doctors, the notorious

Dexedrine and Dexamil. Executives of Smith, Kline Beckman have

pled guilty to 34 charges of covering up 36 deaths and cases of

severe kidney damage in patients using their drug Selocrin, which

was finally removed from the market. Dr. Sidney M. Wolfe, in his

Health Letter, July, 1986 noted that Eli Lilly of Indiana and Smith

Kline Corporation of Philadelphia pled guilty to criminal charges of

failing to notify promptly the FDA of deaths and serious injuries to

people using their drugs. Lilly's Oraflex, an arthritis drug, was on

the market three months and used by 600,000 Americans before it

was withdrawn due to its side effects. Smith Kline's high blood

pressure, Selacryn, sold 300,000 prescriptions in eight months.

Pfizer withheld information from the FDA about Feldene

(pyroxicam, an arthritis drug), despite deaths and harmful side

effects in other countries. McNeil's Suprol, approved in 1985 as an

oral analgesic was found to cause kidney damage. Orudis

(jetoprofen), Wyeth's arthritis drug, increased the incidence of

ulcers. Merital (nomigensine), an antidepressant produced by

Hoechst, was approved by the FDA in December 1984, but had to

be taken off the market in January 1986, because of fatal reactions,

including hemolytic anemia. Wellbutrin (buproprion) was found to

cause convulsions in women and was removed from the market in

March 1986.

An officially approved "standard of care'' drug for treatment of

cancer of the colon is based on the use of a highly toxic chemical, 5-

F-U, despite reports in prestigious medical journals that it doesn't

work. It continues to be widely used, perhaps because the American

Cancer Society owns 50% of 5-F-U. Ciba-Geigy of Switzerland has

found an increasing market in the U.S. public school system for its

drug Ritalin, which through some alchemy has now become the

principal means of controlling "hyperactive" (read healthy) school

children. Social workers had coined a new term ADD (attention

defect disorder), which could be "controlled" by 20 mg tablets of

Ritalin in sustained release capsules. Aided by the education

establishment, which has a propensity for any drug or chemical

addition to the educational process, Ritalin has had a 97% increase

in use since 1985. Students are forced to take the drug, or to face

immediate expulsion from school. The Wall Street Journal, January

15, 1988, noted that a number of suits have been filed against

schools by anxious parents concerning the forced use of Ritalin. The

Georgia Board of Medical Examiners is now looking into the

skyrocketing use of Ritalin in the schools in Atlanta's affluent

suburbs. A student now on trial for murder has entered the defense

that he was on Ritalin.

Pesticides persist in being even more dangerous than insects.

Lindane, (Gammelin 20), produced by Hooker Chemical, a

Rockefeller connected firm, causes dizziness, brain disease,

convulsions, muscle spasms, and leukemia. For years, the FDA

waged a battle against Shell Oil's pesticide strips, which contain

lindane. These strips and other vaporizers continuously emit

lindane, and are widely used in restaurants, even though it had been

established that lindane not only contaminates any food substance,

but also any container for food which is not metal. Although these

tests were concluded in 1953, the Pesticides Regulator continued to

allow their use for another sixteen years!

FDA reports showed that Shell Chemical Company's No Pest Strips

continually release Vapone 3, the lindane formulation. The Agriculture

Department strictly forbade their use in meat processing plants, but the

enterprising manufacturer then peddled them to restaurants. From

1965 to 1970, the U.S. Public Health Service released warnings that

Shell No Pest Strips were dangerous to use in sleeping rooms of the

elderly or of small children. Dr. Roy T. Hansberry, executive of

Shell Chemical, which subsidized Shell Development, served on the

special Agricultural Department seven member task force to study

pesticide registration procedures. Shell had registered 250 pesticide

products. Hansberry's personal clearance to serve on this task force

carried the unsigned note, "The Agricultural Registration Service

does not have, or know of, any official business with the persons,

firms or institutions with which Dr. Hansberry has other financial

interests . . . which might conflict or constitute a conflict of

interest."

Dr. Mitchell A. Zaron, assistant health commissioner, also

served as a consultant to Shell Chemical, and owned Shell Oil stock.

He issued reports which purportedly showed Vapona as so safe that

it required no warnings for infants, or for old or sick persons. At a

meeting of the Public Health Service, he endorsed the use of

Vapona strips. John S. Leary, Jr., research division chief staff officer

for Pharmacology, overruled the department's objection to the

original Shell registration of Vapona, in 1963, and continued to

support the use of Vapona, until in 1966, when he resigned to join

Shell Oil Company. It is estimated there have been thousands of

victims each year suffering from exposure to Shell No Pest Strips.

Another pesticide, parathion, which was manufactured by

Monsanto and Bayer A. G., also has had baneful side effects. The

pesticide, malathion, used in Pakistan in 1976, poisoned 2,500

persons, many of whom died. And DDT, as we have noted, long

after its ban in the United States, continues to find a ready market

overseas, much to the profit of Mansanto, its producer.

In 1975, investigators found that two widely prescribed drugs,

Adactone and Flagyl, produced by G. D. Searle Company, caused

cancer in test animals. They had annual sales of $17.3 million. The

firm had given FDA fraudulent data and destroyed records of

tumors in mice caused by these drugs.

A Consumers Protective Message, issued from Washington

March 15, 1962, noted that since 1938, manufacturers had to

demonstrate the efficacy of a medicine to the government before

marketing it. However, the regulation contained a significant

loophole ~ there was no stated requirement for a demonstration of

its efficacy, or to furnish evidence that the drug "will live up to its

claim of its labeling." The Message stated, "There is no way of

measuring the needless suffering, the money innocently squandered

and the protraction of illnesses resulting from the use of such

inefficient drugs."

In 1962, Congress enacted the Kefauver-Harris amendments

requiring evidence of efficacy. The evidence was to be

judged by the Food and Drug Administration Bureau of Medicine,

but the post of chief of that bureau was vacant because Bois-feuillet

Jones, special assistant for medical affairs at HEW, blocked the

appointment of Dr. Charles D. May, a distinguished physician who

had testified at the Kefauver hearings on the methods of the

pharmaceutical manufacturers in promoting prescription drugs. Dr.

May had testified that the payola and other promotions amounted to

three and a half times as much as the cost of all the educational

programs in our medical schools. Jones "won the confidence of the

pharmaceutical industry by blocking the appointment of Dr. May"

according to a report in Drug Research Reports, June, 1964.

Instead of Dr. May, Jones chose Dr. Joseph F. Sadusk, Jr. who did

everything he could to thwart the efficacy legislation, according to

testimony before the Senate Committee on Government Operations.

Sadusk later became a vice-president of Parke-Davis. Sadusk had

prevented the recall of Parke-Davis' antibiotic drug

Chloramphenicaol, which had resulted in blood toxicity and

leukopenia, before he was offered the vice-presidency of Parke-

Davis. He was succeeded as medical director of the FDA by Dr.

Joseph M. Pisani at the Bureau of Medicine. Pisani left to work for

the Proprietary Association of Drug Manufacturers. The next head

of the Bureau of Medicine later became a top executive at Hoffman

LaRoche. Dr. Howard Cohn, former head of the FDA medical

evaluation board, was offered a job at Ciba-Geigy which he

accepted.

Dr. Harold Anderson, chief of the FDA drug division, was

given a job with Winthrop Drug Company. Morris Yakowitz found

that his experience at FDA made him eligible for a job at Smith

Kline and French drug firm. Allan E. Rayfield, who had been

director of Regulatory Compliance, accepted a position with

Richardson-Merrell, Inc.

Thus we find that the revolving door has long been a

characteristic of government regulation of the pharmaceutical

industry. Surgeon General Leonard Scheele became president of

Warner-Lambert Research Labs; FDA Commissioner Charles C.

Edwards is now listed as senior vice-president of Becton Dickinson,

a large medical supply firm. Although it is hardly a household word,

it does one billion dollars a year in the medical field. Its chairman,

Wesley Howe, is founding chairman of the Health Industry

Manufacturers Association. FDA Commissioner James L. Goddard

became chairman of the board at Ormont Drug and Chemical

Company, whose president is George Goldenberg.

The previously mentioned Joseph Sadusk, the top physician at FDA,

after accepting a position as vice-president of Parke-Davis, later was

named its president.

One might think that these gentlemen had left FDA only to find

more pleasant working conditions, which were notably depressing at

FDA. Dr. Richard Crout, test director at the FDA Bureau of Drugs,

addressed the Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association in 1976 as

follows: "There was open drunkenness by several employees which

went on for months . . . crippled by what some peopled called the

worst personnel in government. There was intimidation internally by

people, people tittering in corners, throwing spitballs; I am

describing physicians, people who would slouch down in a chair,

not respond to questions, moan and groan with sweeping gestures."

(from New England Journal of Medicine, May 27, 1976).

One may ask why a government department composed of

professionally educated scientists and physicians would tolerate

such working conditions. The answer is that that Medical Monopoly

wanted these conditions and saw to it that they prevailed at the

FDA, so as to drive away sincere, dedicated government servants

who wanted only to do their job, who desired to protect the public

from dangerous drugs. It seems that the most dangerous drugs are

also the most profitable, because they produce dramatic, easily seen

results. Unfortunately, they also tend to produce such dramatic side

effects as kidney and brain damage, or sudden death.

The drug manufacturers are adept at organizing influential

lobbying groups in Washington, of which the public remains

unaware. Some ninety-six companies, including Dow, Monsanto,

Hoffman LaRoche and many others put up five thousand dollars

each per year to support the Council of Agricultural Science and

Technology and the Institute of Food Technology, groups which

systematically mislead the public about the dangers of cancer causing

food additives. They are able to minimize and weaken the

frequent attempts by Congressmen to expose the dangers of many of

these additives. It is all part of the game of public relations.

In the 1950s, Senator Estes Kefauver was one of the nation's

most influential politicians. It seemed certain that he was headed for

the White House. However, due to a flood of complaints from his

constituents about the drug industry practices of gouging the elderly

and producing dangerous drugs, Kefauver scheduled comprehensive

hearings before the Senate on the widespread abuses committed by

the Medical Monopoly. He even called his Subcommittee, the

Senate Anti-Monopoly Subcommittee. These hearings, held during

1959 and 1960, revealed that Schering had markups of 1,118% on

its drug, predisone and that other drug manufacturers routinely

showed profits of from 10,000% to 20,000% on their drugs.

The  outcome of these hearings was the government recommendations

for the promotion of "generic," or cheaper non-brand-name, drugs

for mass sales of the same drugs at cheaper prices. Ostensibly a

move to curb the excessive profits of the drug companies, the net

result was that these companies showed vast increases in their

volume of sales, with corresponding increase in profits. A more

tragic result was that these hearings proved to be Senator Kefauver's

political Waterloo. Stung by the publicity and the criticism which

resulted from the hearings, the word went out from the Medical

Monopoly, which we have shown, is not merely the officers and

employees visible to the public, but the shadowy figures in the

background, (many of them aliens, who control millions of shares in

these companies through the practice of "street names," concealing

their power), that "Kefauver is through."

When he inaugurated his campaign for the presidency, he found that

funds had mysteriously dried up. Without money, his candidacy was doomed.

Disconsolate, he abandoned his campaign for the White House and later died,

some said of a broken heart. Political figures got the message; there

have been no repeats of the Kefauver hearings on the abuses of the

drug industry. Individual products, such as the current furor over

aspartame, may come under Congressional scrutiny, but the overall

operations of the Drug Trust remain immune from Congressional

investigation.

Meanwhile, the drug companies roar ahead with vast sales and

record profits on their new drugs. Squibb's Capoten, a hypertension

drug, could reach $900 million in sales this year, almost a billion

dollars from a single product! Merck expects Vesoten, another

hypertension drug, to reach $720 million in sales this year. In 1987,

Merck had thirteen products in eight therapeutic classes which

reached sales of more than $100 million each. Because of this high

volume, the cost of production had dropped steadily for the major

drug firms, an average of a 15% drop since 1980. In effect, this has

meant an increase in profits of 15% from this single factor.

In 1987, Syntex reported that 53% of its sales volume of $1.1

billion came from just two products, Noprosyn and Ahaprox.

Business Week, January 11, 1988, predicts "another gold mine for

U.S. Drugmakers." However, this gold mine would be nothing more

than another dry shaft were it not for the continuing increasing

prescription for these drugs to their patients by U.S. physicians. The

Medical Monopoly's weak link is that it is almost totally dependent

on doctors and hospital personnel to promote its profitable items.

The $18 to $20 million expenditure required to get a new drug

through the testing period of from three to twelve years is not

intended to protect the public from "dangerous" new drugs. It is

needed to protect the Drug Trust as long as possible, affording them

the necessary time to milk their present drugs for as much sales as

possible before they are replaced by newer competing drugs. It is

called "protecting market share" in the business world. It would be

called a violation of the anti-trust laws were the drug firms not

immune from prosecution under these statutes.

As the stock market slowly recovered from the well planned

and executed Black Monday, the stock market crash of October 19,

1987, the drug firms are more than holding their own, rewarding the

astute monopolists who bought in at the bottom of the market.

Typical of investment policies of insurance companies are those of

Equitable Life, which in 1987, had 7.8% of its assets invested in the

stock of drug manufacturers, including $13 million in Marion Labs,

$4 million in Merck, $7 million in Syntex and $4 million in Upjohn.

Another 5.8% of its investments were in the stock of the very

profitable hospital supply firms.

No chronicle of the world's important drug firms would be

complete without relating the connection between drug firms and

the world drug operation known as "Dope, Inc." It began with a

small group of international financiers, headquartered in London,

who officiated in the setting up of an "American" intelligence

service, which was initially known as the Office of Strategic

Services during World War II. This organization was set up under

the close supervision of the British Secret Intelligence Service and

was later disbanded by President Truman, who was highly

suspicious of its operations. The OSS then went underground at the

State Department as a "research group" working on "behavioural

theory."

It was led by one Evron Kirkpatrick, whose wife, Jeane

Kirkpatrick, is a director of the Rockefeller financed Trotskyite

group, League for Industrial Democracy and who is frequently

touted as "a great anti-Communist," the catch being that all good

Trotskyites are vehemently opposed to the Moscow branch of the

Communist Party. They still mourn the passing of their leader, Leon

Trotsky, who was murdered by a Stalinist agent in Mexico City in 1940.

The Kirkpatrick group then resurfaced as "the Central

Intelligence Agency," headed by Allen Dulles, a partner in the

Schroder Bank, the bank which had handled Adolf Hitler's personal

bank account. Dulles' brother, John Foster Dulles, was then

Secretary of State under President Eisenhower.

Whatever interest the CIA may have had in "intelligence," it

soon became clear that its primary interest was in the realization of

the enormous profits to be made in the international dope trade.

Because British fortunes in the early nineteenth century had been

founded in this trade, it was logical that the SIS operatives who set

up our OSS, later CIA, would have been programmed to go into this

business. It later became known by the inside sobriquet, "the

Company," meaning, of course, an enterprise in which one became

engaged for profit. The excuse advanced to justify going into this

business was that a "stingy" Congress refused to advance enough

money to the CIA to finance its covert operations; therefore a loyal

CIA agent would do whatever possible to aid "the Company" to

raise funds needed for this work. In fact, some of its most active

agents, such as Edwin Wilson, suddenly wound up owning six

million dollar estates in the developing area off the Washington

Beltway, a certain indication that there was indeed a lot of money

coming in from somewhere.

 What is the present magnitude of the CIA world drug operation?

Lt. Col. Bo Gritz, who has thirty years of distinguished service with

the United States Army Special Forces, testified before the House Foreign

Affairs Committee International Narcotic Task Force that 900 tons of

heroin and opium would enter the free world in 1987, the source being

Southeast Asia and the Golden Triangle. Col. Gritz had been to Asia a number

 of times to confer with one of Asia's largest drug producers, Khun Sa.

Khun Sa then laid the blame for the world drug operation squarely

at the door of some well known CIA operatives, including Theodore

Shackley, who served as chief of station for the CIA in Laos from

1965 to 1975.

 Khun Sa stated that Shackley had worked closely with Mao Se Hung,

who was then the leading drug smuggler in Southeast Asia.

Another colleague of Shackley was a "civilian" named Santos

Trafficante. Trafficante had long been a leading figure in the Mafia

and had been called before Congress to testify

about a possible attempt on the life of Castro in Cuba. When the

Communist regime took over, the Mafia lost an empire of gambling

and prostitution in Havana and other cities. They sought revenge.

Trafficante was commissioned by Meyer Lansky, the Moneybags of

the Syndicate, to get rid of Castro. Whether the attempt failed, or as

is more likely, the Mafia came to an understanding with Castro

about the dope traffic, is not yet known. Trafficante then became

heavily involved in the Pacific area of the drug traffic, becoming a

go-between for the Nugan Hand operation, the drug bank in

Australia and the Golden Triangle.

Another prominent personality identified by Khun Sa and

others as active in the drug trade was Richard Armitage, whose drug

operations began during the Vietnam War. He later moved to the

U.S. Embassy in Bangkok. From 1975 to 1979, according to

witnesses, he used his embassy position to carry on drug operations.

He then left that post, establishing the Far East Trading Corporation

in Bangkok. Armitage was later appointed by President Reagan as

Assistant Secretary of Defense in charge of International Security

Affairs, reporting directly to the Secretary of Defense, Casper

Weinberger. Business tycoon Ross Perot then learned of Armitage's

history. He went to the White House, demanding that Armitage be

fired. He talked to George Bush, former head of the CIA, who gave

him the brush-off by sending him to FBI Director William Webster

(shortly afterwards, Webster was quietly appointed head of the

CIA).

Webster refused to act on Perot's complaints, which opened

the door for his appointment to the CIA post. Meanwhile,

Weinberger, fearful that the role of the Defense Department in the

drug scandal was about to unfold, hastily resigned. He was

succeeded by Frank Carlucci, who was then serving as National

Security Advisor, and who was well versed in the entire operation.

Carlucci personally ordered Perot to drop his crusade against

Armitage. Because Perot's fortune had been built on huge

government contracts, he had no choice but to back off. Other

personages involved were General Richard Secord, who surfaced as

a figure in the Iran-Contra affair, who had boasted of flying plane

loads of gold to Southeast Asia to pay off the drug smugglers.

The daytime soap opera known as the Iran-Contra affair was

made to order for the secretive operatives of the CIA. They

delighted in leading the obtuse members of Congress on one wild

goose chase after another, while the real story remained untold. It

was chef's surprise, a culinary delight of drugs, the sale of arms to

belligerents, and money, well seasoned with political sauce, stirred

with various commitments to the State of Israel by leading

Washington politicians, and topped with luscious Swiss bank

accounts.

In fact, the Iran Contra affair was the logical culmination

of the longtime involvement of the Rockefeller interests and the

Drug Trust in pro-Communist activity. John D. Rockefeller himself

had tucked the sum of $10,000 in cash into Leon Trotsky's pocket

before seeing him off to start the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia.

The Trotskyite Socialist Workers Party which was left behind to

subvert the United States, was operating under the name of the

Socialist Workers Party. It was then given the cover name of League

for Industrial Democracy. Thus the Drug Trust, while maintaining

the Stalinist Communist government in Russia, simultaneously

maintained a Communist backup regime in the United States, the

Trotskyite movement, in case the Stalinist regime should fall.

Noticeably irked by this competition, Stalin sent an agent Mexico to

eliminate his rival, whom he had previously exiled, realizing that

Trotsky was still too popular in Russia to be murdered there.

The Trotsky organization now had its political martyr. During

the 1950s, it quietly placed its members in power in the media, the

universities and the government, replacing, in most instances, the

incumbent Stalinist hardliners. The Stalinists in Washington who

had surrounded Roosevelt and Truman were gradually replaced with

"neoconservatives," that is, hard-line anti-Moscow ideologues, who

later added to their masquerade by additional and impressive noms

de plume, such as "the Hard Right," "the New Right," "the Religious

Right," or, in some instances, merely as "conservatives."

None other than the Hollywood man on the white horse, Ronald Reagan

rode into power in 1980 on a tide of "neoconservatism." His principal

backing came from the CIA, which by then was only a mouthpiece

for the neoconservatives, and its house organ, the National Review,

whose editor, William Buckley, boasted that the only job he had

ever had was with the CIA. Jeane Kirkpatrick, of the Rockefeller

financed League for Industrial Democracy, became the spokesman

for the new policy, while Reagan's entire team was dominated by

the Hoover Institution, whose two senior fellows, Sydney Hook and

Seymour Martin Lipset, were on the board of LID.

Thus David  Rockefeller maintained close liaison with the Stalinist

 Communists in Moscow, while other Rockefeller interests directed the

"anti-Communist" stance of the Reagan regime. It was a classic Hegelian

operation of thesis and antithesis, with the still unresolved synthesis

yet to come. The power of the LID lay in its domination of the CIA

and its total commitment to the State of Israel as the world

headquarters of the Trotskyite Communist movement.

Thus Elliott Abrams, son-in-law of the Israeli propagandist Norman

Podhoretz, who was editor of the American Jewish Committee organ,

Commentary, was appointed by Reagan to direct the Contra

operation in Nicaragua, a classic standoff between the Stalinist

regime in Managua and Trotskyite directed rebels in the hills.

The drug involvement in this operation should surprise no one,

because the Rockefeller interests, having established the American

Drug Trust, had long been active not only in ethical drugs but in

unethical ones as well.

The contra affair not only threatened to blow the lid off the Iran

Connection; it endangered the Israeli Connection, the Swiss

Connection, and the Rockefeller Connection as well. The

danger was averted by astute maneuvering of the docile

congressmen, and by adroit manipulation of the media to focus on

Col. Oliver North and Admiral Poindexter, to the exclusion of their

controllers. Thus a "crusade against Communism," a noble effort to

contain the Communists a la George Kennan, to be financed with

"dirty" money from the sale of drugs, was at last revealed to be the

same old crew of CIA agents peddling their drugs and laundering

their money in various parts of the world. (The present writer is now

researching a book which will document all of these operations.)

The CIA drug connection was not only deeply rooted in the

quest for easy profits, but also in the concurrent plan to achieve total

control over the people of the world by the masters of the Drug

Trust. Thus Bowart states, "The Cryptocracy is a brotherhood

reminiscent of the ancient secret societies, with rites of initiation and

indoctrination programs to develop in its loyal membership the

special understanding of its mysteries. It has secret codes and oaths

of silence which reinforce the sense of elitism necessary for the

maintenance of its strict loyalty." The present writer has described

some of these secret rites in "The Curse of Canaan."

The emphasis on drugs and experimentation which originated

with the German allopathic school of medicine, and which was

brought to this hemisphere by Illuminati initiates such as Daniel

Coit Gilman, was the first step in transforming the entire medical

practice of the United States from a patient-oriented, healing process

to a totally different approach, in which the patient became an

instrument to be manipulated for the benefit of various other

programs, mainly experimental science. This had been typified by

Dr. J. Marion Sims, the "mad doctor" responsible for setting up

what is now the Rockefeller controlled Memorial Hospital Sloan

Kettering Cancer Center in New York. This total commitment to

"Science" also guided and inspired the CIA drug programs, Projects

Bluebird, Artichoke, MK Ultra, and MK Delta, in which some 139

drugs were used on unsuspecting victims, the substances abused

including cannabis, LSD, Scopolamine, Sodium Amytal, Chloral

Hydrate (the knockout drops of the Old West), ergot, cocaine,

morphine and heroin.

The CIA drug story begins in 1943, when the organization was

still known as the OSS. A Dr. Albert Hoffmann was experimenting

in the Sandoz Laboratories in Switzerland (Sandoz was then

controlled by the Warburg family). Although Sandoz has been

manufacturing a substance known as LSD, or lysergic acid, since

1938, it had only been used in experiments with monkeys. A later

form of this substance, LSD-25, produced amazing psychotropic

effects, as Dr. Hoffmann accidentally discovered, when he absorbed

a small quantity of rye fungus, the base for the drug, while he was

working.

This happened during August of 1943, at the height of the

Second World War. Dr. Hoffmann later reported, "There surged

upon me an uninterrupted stream of fantastic images of

extraordinary plasticity and vividness and accompanied by an

intense kaeleidoscopic-like play of colors ... I thought I was dying or

going crazy." This was the first "trip," the precursor of millions of

such experiences by drug cultists. By 1958, Dr. Hoffmann had

expanded his interests to Mexican mushrooms and mescaline, both

of which then became very popular among leading bankers in New

York, and among prominent Hollywood personalities.

At the time of the discovery of LSD, Allen Dulles was posted

in Switzerland, as though by precognition. It was under his

leadership that the CIA became transformed into the foremost

operation of Dope, Inc. He was then engaged in various activities

with officials of the Nazi regime. To this day, no one has been able

to ascertain whether he was trying to preserve the Hitler regime, or

to overthrow it. The most likely assumption is that he was trying to

preserve it to a point, lest the war end too soon for the profit-minded

munitions makers, but at the same time to prevent any sort of

victorious ending for his Nazi cohorts.

The notes of Gotterdammerung had already been sounded. Dulles'

association with the Hitler regime went back to a fateful meeting in

Cologne in 1933, when he and his brother, John Foster Dulles, assured

Hitler the money would be forthcoming to guarantee the fruition of his

goals as he had set them forth in "Mein Kampf." Allen Dulles later

became a director of the Schroder Bank, which handled Hitler's

personal bank account. Interestingly, enough, no one has ever been

able to trace one cent of Hitler's considerable personal fortune,

which he had received from the sale of his books and other income.

Unlike his opponent, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Hitler had no trust fund

from his mother (the proceeds from the China opium trade).

Dulles, as an international spymaster, would probably have

been aware of Dr. Hoffmann's experiments. After he had returned to

the United States and became director of the newly created CIA,

Dulles ordered 10 kg of LSD from Sandoz, the stated purpose being

"for use in drug experiments with animals and human beings. As

there are some 10,000 doses per gram, this meant that Dulles

ordered one hundred million doses of LSD.

Meanwhile, a Dr. Timothy Leary had been hired by the National Institute

of Health to experiment with psychedelic drugs, including LSD. Leary had

already been forced to resign from West Point, and was later fired

from the faculty at Harvard, perhaps the only person who could say

this.

Leary's NIH study was financed by a grant from the Uris

Foundation of New York City. It continued from 1953 to 1956,

when it was moved to the U.S. Public Health Service, the

experiments going on until 1958, and also at HEW from 1956 to

1963. A CIA Memo dated November 1, 1963 featured glowing

accounts of the work of Dr. Leary and his associate, Dr. Richard

Alpert (who also was later fired from the staff at Harvard). They

invented the turn on, tune in, drop out movement which

incapacitated the youth of America for an entire generation.

The movement, in which the CIA always had a proprietary interest, was

given academic status when it was launched from the ivy-covered

halls of Harvard by Leary and his group. After their forced

departure from Harvard, they were ensconced in a million dollar

estate in New York by the wealthy Mellon heir, Tommy Hitchcock.

Their movement swept over the campuses of American universities

and destroyed the educational opportunities for thousands of

American youths.

A later governmental investigation of the CIA, which was

chaired, naturally enough, by Nelson Rockefeller, made this

comment in its Rockefeller Report to the President on CIA

activities, "Beginning in the late 1940s, the CIA began to study the

properties of certain behaviour-influencing drugs ... all the records

concerning the program were ordered destroyed in 1973, including a

total of 152 separate files. CIA also contracted with the then Bureau

of Narcotics to have mind-influencing drugs given to unwitting

subjects in 'normal life-settings.' "

The above referred to several unfortunate incidents, in which

CIA employees, who had been given doses of LSD without their

knowledge, committed suicide under its malign influence. The

families of these victims learned many years later of the true

circumstances of these "suicides" and successfully sued the

government to obtain financial settlements.

Of the various CIA projects, the most notorious was MK Ultra.

These programs were supervised by another prototype of the "mad

doctor," a Dr. Sidney Gottlieb. Despite the havoc wrought by his

activities, Dr. Gottlieb was never brought to trial. Indeed, the then

director of the CIA, Richard Helms, made certain that all records of

the MK Ultra operation were destroyed during his last days in

office, leaving Dr. Gottlieb immune to prosecution.

Dr. Gottleib, who has been described by observers as "a

pharmaceutical Dr. Strangelove," envisioned dosing entire

populations with hallucinogenic drugs. Influenced by his CIA

experiments, the U.S. Army contemplated a program of driving

whole populations insane with these drugs. Some 1,500 military

personnel were then given LSD in tests run by the Army Chemical

Corps, during the mid 1960s. Many of them suffered severe

psychological damage, the most terrifying symptoms appearing

years later.

The Army then moved on to testing a more powerful chemical

hallucinogen, which it called B.Z This drug was tested at

Edgewood Arsenal between 1959 and 1975. About 2,800 soldiers

were exposed to B.Z. Some of them have since lodged complaints

that they suffered irreparable damage from the experiment.

One of the peripheral results of the CIA drug program was the

assassination of President John F. Kennedy, the blame subsequently

being laid at the door of various groups, the CIA, the Mafia, the

Cuban Communists and others. The basis for these charges was that

all of them were deeply involved. To cover up the trail, some forty

people later died by violence.

Some of them were media writers, the most prominent being the late

Dorothy Kilgallen, a widely known columnist. In 1965 she used her connections

to get permission to interview Jack Ruby in his prison cell. She later told 

friends that she had been able to obtain evidence that would "blow the J. F. Kennedy

case sky high."

Shortly afterwards, she was found in her apartment, dead of what

was later diagnosed as an "overdose" of barbiturates

and alcohol. The apartment was a shambles, and all of her notes of

her conversations with Ruby had disappeared. To this day, no one

has ever admitted seeing them. The Medical Monopoly then used

Kilgallen's death as an excuse to issue pious warning about "the

dangers of mixing barbiturates and alcohol" but said nothing about

the dangers of visiting Jack Ruby. Early in 1967, Ruby repeatedly

complained that he was being poisoned. He was then diagnosed as

having cancer, but he died of a "stroke," as did one of his

accomplices, David Ferrie.

The apparition of Dr. Sidney Gottlieb as the CIA's "mad

scientist" is eclipsed by the record of Dr. D. Ewen Cameron, who

epitomized the Hollywood version of the insane doctor

experimenting on helpless human subjects. Born in Scotland, Dr.

Cameron moved to the United States, where he became a citizen.

Although he carried on most of his medical work in Canada, he was

a resident of Lake Placid, New York. The basis for the two-country

operation may have been a desire to avoid lawsuits. In 1943, Dr.

Cameron received a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation to set up

a new psychiatric institute, the Allen Memorial Institute, as a wing

of the Royal Victorian Hospital, the teaching hospital of McGill

University in Montreal.

This Rockefeller connection later resulted in some $10 million of CIA

money being channeled to Cameron through Dr. Gottlieb as part

of the MK Ultra project. This money was transferred to Dr. Cameron

beginning in 1953, because he had already demonstrated

his commitment to mind-altering experiments.

The CIA funds were therefore marked for mind control.

Dr. Cameron had come to the favorable attention of the

Rockefeller interests after he invented some of the most terrifying

"psychiatric" techniques ever known. He invented a process called

"depatterning" as well as a later technique called "psychic driving,"

either of which would have done credit to any Communist brain

washing expert.

"Depatterning" began with heavy drug dosages, combined with

electric shock, the then popular Electro Convulsive Therapy,

or ECT, as it was usually known. It was later discredited

for years because of the damage to the patients, but, incredibly, has

now been revived and is in constant use in some circles.

ECT has been described by its victims as the most terrifying ordeal

which can be imagined. Basically, it was simply the electrocution

process which was shut off just before it became fatal. The patient was

strapped into a chair and electrocuted two or three times a day.

Initially, depatterning was limited to the heavy drug dosages,

over a period from fifteen to thirty days; this part of the program

was called "sleep therapy."

A "sleep cocktail," which itself was worthy of the imagination of a

Dr. Frankenstein, consisted of 100 mg of Thorazine, 100 mg of

Nembutal, 100 mg of Seconal, 150 mg of Vernonal and 100 mg.

of Phenergan, any one of which would be enough to put any

patient to sleep. The sleep cocktail was administered to the patient

 three times a day. Later in the sleep therapy treatment,

the patient was awakened two or three times a

day to receive the electric shock treatments.

 Dr. Cameron ignored the recommended voltage for shock treatments,

 increasing them twenty to forty times higher than any other doctor

had ever dared. He watched approvingly as the helpless patients screamed

constantly during the electro-shock "therapy." It was his fond belief

that the screams also were an essential part of the treatment,

although it is likely that it represented his personal gratification.

The next step in depatterning, which was also one of the

weirder Cameron inventions, was "sensory isolation," in which the

patient was placed in a large box, with his eyes padded and his ears

plugged. After some thirty days of the Cameron depatterning

treatment, the patient was reduced to a helpless zombie. Satisfied

that he had purged the patient of all previous images and ideas, Dr.

Cameron moved into the next phase, which he called "psychic

driving." This consisted of forcing the patient to listen to tape-recorded

messages, repeated over and over, thousands of times. This

"treatment" was administered through pillow speakers or

headphones. Every intelligence agency in the world was green with

envy when they heard of the new Cameron techniques. Luckily, the

CIA had been the first on the scene, and provided him with ample

funds for his lunatic obsessions.

Born in 1901 near Glasgow, Cameron had studied at the

University of London, where he may have picked up some of his

strange ideas. It is also likely that he became involved with some

cult in London, which featured such monstrous ideas. After all,

Mary Shelley had written Frankenstein in that very milieu.

Throughout his activities in Canada, the CIA Technical Services and

the Staff Chemical Division enthusiastically funded his work.

Honors poured in on him, as word spread about his "innovative"

techniques. He became chairman of the Canadian Psychiatric

Association, chairman of the American Psychiatric Association, and

founding chairman of the World Psychiatric Association.

After Dr. Cameron's death in 1967, the CIA found itself

besieged by some of the survivors of his victims. In the most

advanced stages of MK Ultra, he had experimented on some 53

people. This group included some prominent Canadians. An action

was finally brought by Harry Weinstein, whose father Louis had

been a leading Montreal businessman. Another victim was Velma

Orlikon, wife of a Democratic Party Member of the Canadian

Parliament. Despite these pedigrees, the victims found themselves

up against a stone wall. The Washington Post noted in January,

1988, that the CIA was still fighting the action of nine elderly

Canadians who had been drugged during the 1950s and who were

asking $175,000 each in damages, later increased to $1,000,000

each.

The case was then ordered to trial, after nine years of delaying

tactics by the CIA, but no one is predicting a speedy solution.

During the Cameron era, the CIA continued its own

experiments in the United States. They enlisted the services of a

narcotic operator, George Hunter White, and set him up in an

apartment in Greenwich Village. He was given a cover identity as

an artist and a seaman, who met people at parties or in bars and

lured them back to the apartment. The CIA money had transformed

the seedy apartment into an espionage apparatus complete with two way

mirrors, surveillance and recording equipment and other tools

of the trade. White dosed his visitors with LSD, while the CIA

equipment meticulously recorded their reactions. These frequently

consisted of "bad trips" in which the victims went temporarily

insane, tried to commit suicide or murder and gave other evidences

of the "mind control" which the CIA wished to learn.

To avoid exposure from complainants, the CIA transferred

White to San Francisco, where he was given the run of two more

CIA pads. He then initiated Operation Midnight Climax. Drug

addicted prostitutes were paid to pick men up in local bars and bring

them back for an orgy which featured drinks heavily laced with

LSD. The ensuing action was taped and photographed in every

detail, although the results are not likely to be made available to the

Library of Congress.

Despite the excesses to which doctors such as Dr. Cameron and

Dr. Sims went in their scientific enthusiasm, there are horror stories

equally disturbing from the clinical experiments conducted by the

ethical drug companies. With hundreds of millions in dollars of

potential profits riding on each new drug product, the Medical

Monopoly must comply with the regulations which they themselves

have drafted and put into place. The purpose of the regulations is to

protect the market share of a new wonder drug until it can be

replaced by a newer wonder drug. As one alternative health care

practitioner, who had been sent to prison for selling herbal teas,

remarked, "A wonder drug is a drug that you take and then you

wonder what it's going to do to you."

The restrictions on new drugs are usually complied with if the

manufacturer believes it may be a big money maker. He is not about

to release a new drug to the market, have it meet with success and

then be forced to recall it because he has not complied with all of

the regulations. From 1948 to 1958, pharmaceutical companies

introduced 4,829 new products, 3,686 new compounds and 1,143new dosages.

All of these products had to go through the process.

New drugs are reported to take an average time of from seven to ten

years to receive final FDA approval, a process which costs from ten

to twelve million dollars, frequently as much as eighteen to twenty

million. Clinical testing goes through three clearly defined phases.

Phase I calls for the testing of the new drug on a small number of

healthy people.

Phase II requires that "volunteers" take the drug during a two year

trial basis.

Phase III calls for more diverse clinical testing on from one thousand

to three thousand patients over a three year period.

This means that doctors and hospitals administer the drug only because

 the Phase II testing has established its toxicity  and other possible side effect

ts. These are generally patients who are in a position to sue or generate

unfavorable publicity if the drug proves to be dangerous,

 which means that those who prescribe the drug are relying o

n the Phase II testing to recommend it as reliable.

Phase II, in which the drug is tested on human beings, generally

requires a captive population. The drugs are sometimes tested

secretly in schools, hospitals and mental institutions, but the

pharmaceutical manufacturers usually prefer to rely on a much safer

test population, those confined to our prisons, because they are

unlikely to complain. Even inmates of mental institutions have been

known to complain, after their release, that they were subjected to

illegal drug testing. Prisoners who have been convicted of crimes

are less likely to complain. Since the turn of the century, the United

States has led the world in the number of medical experiments

carried on in prisons.

The law-abiding citizen might think that it is all right to

conduct medical experiments on prisoners, even though a number of

German doctors were executed for just such an offense. Drug testing

might be one way in which the prisoner could repay his debt to

society. However, the reality of the situation today is that, although

there are many criminals confined in our prisons, there are also

increasing numbers of Americans sent to prisons for political

offenses. These political prisoners run the same risks in medical

experiments as do the most hardened criminals. Each year, a larger

number of sentences are handed down by American courts as

punishment for banking problems, mortgage problems or tax

problems.

Because of the Medical Monopoly's control of the media, the

use of prisoners in medical experiments rarely comes to the

attention of the American people. An exhaustive search of magazine

indexes from 1900 to the present day reveals only a few such

stories, which were uniformly favorable to the experiments. The

prisoners themselves have little media access, unless they riot and

bring the cameramen in in force, with the full top story treatment.

The American Medical Association is still the leading advocate of

using prisoners for drug testing. The columnist, Pertinax, writing in

the British Medical Journal, January 1963 commented, "I'm

disturbed that the World Medical Association is now hedging on its

clause about using criminals as experimental material. The AMA

influence has been at work on its suspension. At the tenth meeting,

American scientists joked about it. One of the nicest American

scientists I know was heard to say 'Criminals in our prisons are fine

experimental material ~ and much cheaper than chimpanzees'."

The scientist was not making a bad joke ~ chimpanzees cost as

much as $4500 each, while American prisoners can be had for as

little as one dollar a day. Pertinax was commenting on the proposal

made by the World Medical Association in 1961, and offered for

adoption, that "prisoners, being captive groups, should not be used

as the subjects of experiments." The proposal was vociferously

objected to by delegates from the American Medical Association

and it was finally tabled.

If this smacks somewhat of the crimes of "Nazi doctors" and

their experiments on prisoners, the coincidence is not accidental.

The accused physicians testified in their own defense that they were

merely following practices of long standing in the United States. At

one trial, in 1947, 515 German doctors were tried at Nuremberg,

indicted on the charge that they had conducted experiments on

prisoners. They entered evidence in their defense that in 1906,

American doctors in Philadelphia had used convicts for medical

experiments, injecting them with plague and beri beri germs; in

1915, pellagra was injected into convicts in Massachusetts; in 1944,

hundreds of prisoners in the United States were injected with

malaria under the excuse of wartime necessity, to aid our soldiers in

the Pacific. Despite this defense, the German doctors were convicted

and some of them were executed.

The subject surfaced again with the recent publication of

Robert Jay Lufton's book, "Nazi Doctors," one of the series of books

about Nazis which pour from American presses in an ever-increasing

stream, obeying the dictum that anything sells in the

United States if a swastika is emblazoned on the cover. The book

resulted in a spirited discussion in the Letters page of the New York

Times Sunday Book Review. Bruno Bettelheim had originally

reviewed the book, asserting that the effort to understand the Nazi

doctors was wrong, "because of the ever-present danger that

understanding fully may come close to forgiving." Christians, of

course, offer forgiveness as a basic religious precept.

Paul Ramsey wrote to include an excerpt from an advertisement,

“Professor McCance and the members of the Medical Research

 Department want to be informed, if and when children are born in lying-in

homes and women's wards in hospitals afflicted with Meningocele

or similar abnormalities, which will make it unlikely that the

children will survive longer than a short time. Professor McCance

and his department wish to make some experiments on these

children, which will give them no sorts of pains, but they feel not

entitled to make these experiments on normal, healthy children.

When the birth of these children comes to be known, Professor

McCance is to be informed at once by telephone."

Mr. Ramsey noted that this advertisement appeared in an

American publication in 1946, while the German doctors were on

trial. Telford Taylor, the American prosecutor at the Nuremberg

trials, wrote to the Times to correct errors which had already

appeared, including the statement that one of those sentenced was

"Edwin Katzenellenbogen, who at one time had been a member of

the faculty at Harvard Medical School.'' Taylor stated that no one by

the name of Kazenellenbogen had ever been tried at Nuremberg.

Indeed, the name seems to have been included as an elaborate

practical joke, the name having surfaced in previous practical jokes.

The Times made no apology. Telford Taylor further pointed out that

twenty physicians had been tried at Nuremberg in the instance

mentioned, not nineteen as stated in the review, and that four were

hanged, five sentenced to life in prison, three received lesser

sentences and seven were acquitted on all charges."

Large scale medical experimentation, similar to that which was

condemned as a crime at Nuremberg at the same time that it was

still being practiced in American prisons, takes undue advantage of

the "volunteers." Some are illiterate; most are young and healthy

and have never had any serious illness. They have little concept of

what it may be like to come down with a serious illness as a result of

being injected with experimental drugs, or the lifelong

complications which may result.

In 1963, Time magazine ran an expose of large scale programs

which federal government officials had established in our prisons.

These vast testing programs were justified as being part of the "war

on cancer'' which Bobst and the Laskers had launched from the

White House. The doctors were injecting prisoners with live cancer

cells and with blood from persons suffering from leukemia. Several

doctors in Oklahoma were grossing three hundred thousand dollars a

year from drug manufacturers in these deals; these doctors also

regularly collected blood from prisoners, paying them $7 a quart;

they then sold the blood for $15.

During the 1940s, when the first stories about the use of

prisoners in medical experiments began to receive some circulation,

the American Medical Association requested Governor Dwight of

Illinois to scotch the stories. He whitewashed the experiments by

appointing Morris Fishbein and other AMA leaders to a committee

which solemnly "investigated" the programs and returned with

glowing reports. Fishbein himself came back from Stateville

Penitentiary to describe the prisoner experiments as "ideal, because

of their conformity with ethical rules." Fishbein elaborated his

enthusiasm by pointing out that the program rendered a genuine

service to the entire public because of the "reformation v

alue in serving as a subject in a medical experiment."

One might have expected Fishbein to appear at Nuremberg, to defend

the German doctors with the same argument, that they had offered this same

"reformation value" to the inmates of the concentration camps. A

public relations spokesman for Wyeth laboratories was puzzled by

the indignation in some quarters, releasing a statement that "Almost

all of our Phase II testing is done on prisoners."

In fact, there was fierce and ongoing competition among the

major drug firms to line up prisoners who could be used as

"subjects" in medical experiments. Upjohn and Parke-Davis adhered

to established principles of monopoly when they acquired

"exclusive rights" to the inmates of Jackson State Prison in

Mississippi. These firms subsequently were able to enroll 1,200 of

the 4,000 convicts there in the testing program. Business Week

offered a somewhat critical comment on the program, pointing out

that "tests at the prison are designed primarily to measure the

toxicity of the drug rather than its efficiency . . . doses are built up

gradually to the point where adverse reactions occur."

 In plainer English, the dosage was increased until it made the prisoner

 so ill or caused serious damage. The results often were crippling or death.

However, the prisoners were paid thirty cents a day for submitting

to these experiments. Business Week touched upon the fact that it

was precisely the life-threatening aspect of Phase II testing for

which the prisoners were needed. The pharmaceutical companies

needed to know how many people might be injured by the drug, or

how many lawsuits they might expect from angry customers.

The drug testing programs were welcomed by prison officials,

who maintained ancient buildings dating back to the Civil War to

house the prisoners, while they built themselves monumental new

administration offices and other perquisites of the trade. In 1971, the

New York State Prison System spent $5,500 a year for each prisoner

in the system, of which 72 cents a day went for food, and 15 cents a

day for clothing and other amenities. Of the budgeted $17 a day per

prisoner, less than a dollar a day went for his physical maintenance.

This was an essential part of a prison system which had been set up

the Boss Tweed and which still offered many golden opportunities

to those who were alert.

Only a few stories leaked out to the public during these postwar

years. Prisons are closed systems and investigative reporters are

rarely welcomed. One of the most horrifying, which would have

shamed any Nazi doctor, came from Vacaville State Prison in

California. Extensive testing programs had been carried out here for

years.

 A few of the prisoners were paid $15 a month, but most of

them received only a dollar a day. The victims reported an alarming

list of results, such as heart damage, loss of hair, joint pains,

swelling of the legs, shortness of breath and hemorrhages of the

skin. One testing outfit, under the name of the Solano Institute for

Medical and Physical Research, actually was able to set up its

headquarters at the prison. Established as a nonprofit corporation

under the California charitable trust law, the "Institute" subjected

1,500 prisoners to various types of injections. One prisoner who had

been sent to Vacaville for "treatment" later sued the doctor, a

leading dermatologist who was head of his professional association.

The prisoner had been forced to take muscular injections of

Lederle's Caridase drug. This drug contained fibrinolytic enzymes

which were intended for use as an anti-inflammatory agent. The

patient testified that he had been seized by trustees and held while

he was forcibly injected in both arms. He subsequently developed a

near-fatal disease of the muscles and chronic stomach ulcers, while

his weight dropped from 140 pounds to a mere 75 pounds. He

received four dollars in compensation.

The King of the Prison Experiments was one Dr. Austin

Stough. He had initiated contracts with the nation's largest

pharmaceutical manufacturers to carry out drug testing at a number

of prisons in three southern states, Alabama, Arkansas and

Oklahoma. The program, to test blood plasma, at its peak involved

137 prisons from 1963 to 1970 and was paid for by 37 drug

companies, including such leading firms as Upjohn, Wyeth, Lederle,

Squibb and Merck. Although the financial rewards were impressive,

the results of the program proved inconclusive. The program was

later criticized as operating under "gross mismanagement, sloppy

handling and contamination" of test samples, criticism which put an

end to the program. Hundreds of prisoners suffered from its after

effects for years. Stough had set up a prison monopoly which

brought in good returns until his methods were exposed as being

worthless.

Despite the dramatic implications of the drug testing stories,

they met with thunderous silence from the "bleeding hearts" of the

nation's media, perhaps because publicity about these programs

might have raised conjecture as to why German doctors had been

executed for the same practices. A survey of Readers Guide, the

index to magazine articles printed throughout the United States,

showed that from 1945 to 1970, during the height of the testing

programs in the prisons, there were only three stories about it during

this entire period.

The first, a heart warming story in Coronet, November 1950,

 was titled "Prison Heroes Conquer Malaria," a glowing account

 of experiments conducted at the Illinois State Prison at Joliet,

 where Dr. Fishbein himself had been overwhelmed

by the "ethical" nature of the drug testing program.

The second story, in the Saturday Evening Post, March 2, 1963, was

titled "Convict Volunteers." It too was an uncritical account of the drug

experimenters, describing the prisoners as "human guinea pigs." The

journalist quoted one convict, who was deliberately burned on both

arms, "The pain was pretty bad," and mentioned other prisoners who

had been injected with live cancer cells. Despite the fact that this

story, written about inmates at the Ohio State Prison in Columbus,

mentioned that these convicts did not receive any pay for submitting

to these experiments (Ohio statutes piously forbid such payments,

saving the drug companies even more money), the writer ends his

article with a glowing tribute to the program, pointing out that it

caused "the volunteers to feel self-respect."

The third story, in Business Week, June 27, 1964, noted that the

drug companies were able to save many millions of dollars by using

the prisoners for drug experiments.